The Domestic and Industrial Use Of Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings

 The connectivity in making a new home is a major concern. You may need it in the drainage system or plumbing system at your home, electrical and telephone nexus etc. The traditional metal fitting had been prevailing for years. However, with development of the science and technology the connectivity has taken a new shape. The current trend has been changed flatly due to the invention of stainless steel pipes. There are many reasons to use stainless steel pipes at home. It is extremely cheaper in comparison to metal pipe. It does not corrode and it is portable. That is why, the 20th and 21st century found a new era of stainless steel pipe fittings. The stainless steel pipes does not get rusted easily in any circumstances.

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However, the corporate communities are not in favour of using stainless steel pipes due to high pressure in the industries. The hydraulic and pneumatic pressure can break the plastic pipe easily. So, the metal pipe fitting is still intact in the multiple factories or industries. So to speak, the longevity of metal pipe in the industries is longer than the stainless steel pipes. That is why the business class people are not in support of using plastic tube fittings in their factories. The people used to use iron and brass in the domestic and industrial requirements. However, the invention of stainless steel has changed the scenario of stainless steel pipe fittings in both domestic and manufacturing industries.

If you are going to have stainless steel pipe fittings work in either your home or in industry then you need to know the technology and requirement very carefully. You should buy the products after deep deliberation. You also have to think of pressure of the machineries that you have installed at your home and industries. Such queries must be contacted the knowledgeable engineers and they can readily assess your requirement. They are able to suggest you what type of stainless steel pipe fittings you will need for your plumbing and also other activities in the building and construction.

Most people are using stainless pipes of their domestic requirements, while industrial folks are meant for stainless steel pipe fittings. The stainless steel pipe fittings in the market is immense as it is often hygienic, light-weight, decorative, rust-free, durable and economical. The stainless tube fittings have been seen in hotel and restaurants, fertilizer industries and medicine plants etc. Finally, with a professional advice because of hotel or industries then you will lead fiascos free life. You’ll never be disappointed for your breakages and leakages since professionals and engineers will guide you in each and every step.

There are plenty of scope in doing business in the area of manufacturing and exporting both metal pipe and stainless steel pipes. The manufacturers （for example: Zhejiang Yaang Pipe Industry Co., Limited）have already been mushrooming everywhere as a result of popular in the tube fittings and it has been a fundamental part of our life. The newest building, construction with the bridge is ubiquitous due to rise in the global economy during last two decades which was a great support to add mass to stainless steel pipe fittings business.

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The future developing trend for that stainless steel pipe fittings industry

 The top manufacturer for your pipe fittings  would talk to us concerning the future development for your industry of stainless steel pipe fittings. Through the website of this company which URL is www.yaang.com , we’re able to find that the near future growth and development of this industry may be reflected on three major industries which can be automotive industry, water industry as well as the industry of Industrial facilities.

First is among the Vehicles and Automotive Industry. As we all know, this can be the fastest growing application position for the stainless steel pipe fittings, seamless elbow , tee, reducer, cap and stainless steel flanges. Countries like Japan, U.S., Sweden and also other countries have trusted the metal pipe fittings on their own vehicles exhaust pipe. From the 1980s, Japan has begun to promote the metal accessories on their vehicle. The A403 WP304 WP316 stainless steel pipe fittings and A860 WPHY65 BW pipe fittings will be the new stainless products 

The second is about the water industry. Because opinion in the expert of the area, the Butt Weld Pipe Fittings and stainless steel pipe fittings work most effectively material and desalination for your water preparation, storage, transportation, purification and regeneration of water industry. The Butt Weld Pipe Fittings and stainless steel pipe fittings of Zhejiang Yaang Pipe Industry Co., Limited hold the character of safety, health, environmental protection and cost-effective. These advantages have attracted increasing numbers of people’s attention attention. These pipe fittings such as the A234 WPB seamless elbow pipe fittings and A420 WPL6 equal tee have been employed in mineral water systems, thermal water system and home heating.

The 3rd point is about the environmental protection industry. As we all know, the therapy plant for industrial waste gas, waste and sewage requires using metal products specifically for the stainless steel pipe fittings. You will see rapid development for that industry of the environmental protection which good development trend gives many work at home opportunities to the manufacturer for your stainless steel pipe fittings.

The very last position for the applying concerning the carbon steel pipe fittings may be the plants. The proportion of the application about metal industry in producers is normally fifteen percent to twenty percent. The domestic application has obtained a very small percentage. Together with the improvement of the grade of the domestic stainless steel products and special grades of website, the longer term application of stainless steel pipe gelling the domestic production facilities will probably be increased over the years. Of all the description we’ve said before, you could find how the future progression of the pipe fittings industry specifically for the stainless steel pipe fittings industry might have great increasing.

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Pipe reducers

 Pipe reducers be applied, to change from pipe diameter in one direction. Standard there are 2 possibilities, the concentric reducer, is usually used in vertical pipe lines, and the eccentric reducer that is used in horizontal pipe lines.

Reducer is a kind of fitting that be used for reducing piping size. Concentric reducer is most commonly used and often eccentric reducer used in piping in about pump and pipe rack area.

Length of reducers

The length of a Reducer is very short in relation to the diameter, so in some dimensions the transition from one to another diameter is very abruptly. For example, a reducer 6″ x 2½” has a length of 140 mm. On this short distance a pipeline will be reduced from 168.3 mm O.D. to 73 mm O.D. During the design phase of a new pipe system, a piping designer certainly must think about it.

For wall thickness less than 3 mm, the reducers are supplied with plain weld ends. Larger thicknesses are supplied with the weld bevel of 37 ½°±2 ½°.Weld Preparation

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Coupling Fittings, Pipe couplings

 Coupling fittings are used for fluid conduits in which each end portion of two tubes to be connected is provided with a swaged-on adapter carrying the necessary means to connect or disconnect the tubes without disturbing the swaged-on adapter. Our range of coupling fittings are available in aluminium, steel and bronze.

coupling-fittings
Pipe couplings are highly demanded in the pipe fitting market. Pipe couplings are fittings that help to extend or terminate pipe runs. These fittings are also used to change pipe size. Couplings extend a run by joining two lengths of pipe. They are known as reduced coupling if they are used to connect pipes of different sizes. Couplings are also known as repair couplings. These couplings are without stops or ridges and they can be fixed anywhere along the pipe length for preventing leak of any kind.

Material: ASTM A105, F304, F316, F304L, F316L, A182, F11, F22, and F91
Pressure: 2000LBS, 3000LBS, 6000LBS, 9000LBS
Size: from 1/4 to 4 inches
Standard: ANSI B16.9/B16.28 and MSS SP-43/SP-75
Connection ends: butt welded, threaded
Thread types: NU, EU, STC, LTC and BTC
Surface treatment:Shot blasted, rust-proof black oil
Packing: Plywood Case/ Pallet/ other

Threaded-half-coupling-and-Threaded-full-coupling
Threaded half-coupling and Threaded full-coupling

Dimensions threaded Full / Half couplings – NPS 1/2 to 4 – 3000 LBS – ASMEB16.11
Contents [hide]

1 Dimensions threaded Full / Half couplings – NPS 1/2 to 4 – 3000 LBS – ASMEB16.11
2 Dimensions threaded Full 
3 / Half couplings – NPS 1/2 to 4 – 6000 LBS –
3.1 GENERAL NOTES:
  NPS    End to End    Outside Diameter    Minimum Length of Thread
A    D    B    J
1/2    48    28    10.9    13.6
3/4    51    35    12.7    13.9
1    60    44    14.7    17.3
1¼    67    57    17    18
1½    79    64    17.8    18.4
2    86    76    19    19.2
2½    92    92    23.6    28.9
3    108    108    25.9    30.5
4    121    140    27.7    33
Dimensions threaded Full 
/ Half couplings – NPS 1/2 to 4 – 6000 LBS –
  NPS    End to End    Outside Diameter    Minimum Length of Thread
A    D    B    J
1/2    48    38    10.9    13.6
3/4    51    44    12.7    13.9
1    60    57    14.7    17.3
1¼    67    64    17    18
1½    79    76    17.8    18.4
2    86    92    19    19.2
2½    92    108    23.6    28.9
3    108    127    25.9    30.5
4    121    159    27.7    33

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Pipe fittings Buttwelding Ends

 We aware the beveling is very important processes in the whole production procession of butt-welding pipe fittings, we always make beveling according to the standard strictly. In the behavior, we make beveling after shot blasting, bevel ends are fully machined by advanced equipment Double Beveling Machine ensure the height, length, thickness, O.D. and I.D. are all qualified.

Welding Bevel acc.to

Contents [hide]

1 Welding Bevel acc.to
2 Weld End Preparations
2.0.0.1 Joining Welding Neck Flanges To Pipe Of Equal Or Lesser Wall Thickness
2.0.0.2 WELDBEND NOTES:

• ASME / ANSI B16.9
• ASME / ANSI B16.28
• ASME / ANSI B16.25
• MSS SP-97

Our in-hourse R&D team developed bevel ends equipment are good using in thickness 2mm to 20mm pipe fittings, guarantee high efficiency and high quality.

Send us your technical drawings: Yaang Steel will supply you with whatever flanges you are looking for.

Nominal wall Thickness : t	End Preparation
t<5mm (for austenitic alloy steel t<4mm)	Cut square or slightly chamfer at manufacturer ‘ s option
5<t<22mm (4<t<22mm)	Plain Bevel as in sketch ( a ) above
t>22mm	Compound Bevel as in sketch ( b ) above

Weld End Preparations

Joining Welding Neck Flanges To Pipe Of Equal Or Lesser Wall Thickness

*For thicker flanges, see ASME B16.9

WELDBEND NOTES:

Weld neck Flanges can be joined to pipe of lesser wall with proper end preparation and joint design.
The recommendations that follow apply to weld neck flanges with standard plain end bevels (as shown above) and with a hub thickness at the bevel no greater than 1 1/2 times the mating pipe thickness.

The thickness of the flange hub at the weld bevel and the pipe shall be in accordance with the design requirements of the applicable section of ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping.

When the internal offset due to unequal thickness does not exceed 1/2 times the pipe wall thickness, then the rules and figures given on page 75 are recommended as well for joining weld neck flanges to pipe of lesser wall and/or higher strength.

When the additional thickness of the hub at the bevel results in an offset at the outside diameters of the ends to be joined, reference should be made to ASME B31 and ASME B16.5

Bevel Wall Thickness (t) 0.19 In. To 0.88 In. Inclusive

A = Outside Diameter of flange and mating pipe (inches)
B = Inside Diameter of flange (inches)
t = Wall thickness of flange hub at bevel (inches)

Note:
For bevel wall thickness over .88″ refer to ASME B16.5
for alternative detail.

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MSS SP-97, Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends

MSS SP-97 Standard Practice covers essential dimensions, finish, tolerances, testing, marking, material, and minimum strength requirements for 90 degree integrally reinforced forged branch outlet fittings of buttwelding, socket welding, and threaded types. Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings – Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends.

Pipe fittings Buttwelding Ends

Fittings manufactured to this Standard Practice are designed to make a fully reinforced branch connection in accordance with applicable piping code requirements, when attached, at an opening in a run pipe by means of a full penetration weld.

Fittings may be made to special dimensions, size, shape, tolerances, or of other wrought material by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

MSS

MSS(Manufacturers Standardization Society) is the only organization in the world dedicated exclusively to the technical needs of the valve and fittings industry. Standards and codes are written and revised by 25 technical committees and address topics such as valves, valve actuators, pipe fittings, flanges, and pipe hangers.

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MSS SP75 WPHY 52 Pipe Fitting

 wilson pipeline manufactures and export high quality MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Pipe Fitting which are used as pipes & fittings in several petrochemical or other commercial industries. We trade this MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Pipe Fitting after complete quality and performance measure inspection.

mss-sp75-wphy-46-pipe-fitting
MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Tee

Specially sourced from the trusted and certified manufacturers, this MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Pipe Fitting is highly recommended for superior quality, high performance and durability.

We Supplier & Manufacture this MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Pipe Fittings in the following form.

MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Elbow
MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Tee
MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Cap
MSS SP75 WPHY 46 Reducer

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MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Pipe Fitting

 wilson pipeline leading manufactures and export high quality MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Pipe Fitting which are used as pipes & fittings in several petrochemical or other commercial industries.

MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Reducer

Manufactured using high grade raw material, these fittings are anti-corrosive and durable. This MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Pipe Fitting is cost-effective and is known for high tensile strength. Available in a variety of sizes and tolerance degree, this MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Pipe Fitting are designed to suit specific requirements of various engineering-related industries. Available in a variety of sizes and tolerance degree, this MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Pipe Fitting are designed to suit specific requirements of various engineering-related industries.

We Supplier this MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Pipe Fittings in the following form.

• MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Elbow
• MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Tee
• MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Cap
• MSS SP75 WPHY 56 Reducer

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Types of pipe fitting standard

 With the rapid expansion in the global trade, standardization of various products has become an essential requirement.Pipe-fittingsThe standards given to various products significantly contributes towards increasing international trade which in turn bridges the quality gap between the manufacturers, producers and buyers of different nations. In pipe fittings as well, standards play a vital role. The manufacture and installation of pipe fittings is tightly regulated by various standards and codes.

The integrity of pipe fittings and flanges in the piping system depends on various principles used in design, construction and maintenance of the entire system. The components of pipe fittings are made in different materials, in a variety of types and sizes and hence should be manufactured according to common national standards or according to manufacturers’ proprietary item. Some manufacturers also use their own internal piping standards based upon national and industry sector standards.
Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”:
Contents [hide]

1 Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”:
1.1 1 ANSI: THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
1.2 2 ASME: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
1.3 3 ASTM INTERNATIONAL: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
1.4 4 BSP: BRITISH STANDARD PIPE
2 Two types of threads are distinguished:
2.1 5 DIN: DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FÜR NORMUNG
2.2 6 ISO: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION
2.3 7 JIS: JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
2.4 8 NPT: NATIONAL PIPE THREAD
2.5 9 DIN STANDARD DESIGNATION
2.6 10 DASH (-) SIZE
2.6.1 Flange Class
2.6.2 Flange Pressure Number, PN
Piping codes imply the requirements of design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and inspection of various pipe and piping system. It has a limited jurisdiction defined by the code. On the other hand, piping standards imply application design and construction rules and requirements for pipe fittings like adapters, flanges, sleeves, elbows, union, tees, valves etc. Like a code, it also has a limited scope defined by the standard.
Types of pipe fitting standards:

Some widely used pipe fitting standards are as follows:

1 ANSI: THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
ANSI is a private, non-profit organization. Its main function is to administer and coordinate the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It provides a forum for development of American national standards. ANSI assigns “schedule numbers”. These numbers classify wall thicknesses for different pressure uses.

2 ASME: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
This is one of the reputed organizations in the world developing codes and standards. The schedule number for pipe fitting starts from ASME/ANSI B16. The various classifications of ASME/ANSI B16 standards for different pipe fittings are as follows:

ASME/ANSI B16.1 – 1998 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.3 – 1998 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.4 – 1998 – Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.5 – 1996 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.11 – 2001 – Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
ASME/ANSI B16.14 – 1991 – Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
ASME/ANSI B16.15 – 1985 (R1994) – Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.25 – 1997 – Buttwelding Ends
ASME/ANSI B16.36 – 1996 – Orifice Flanges etc.
3 ASTM INTERNATIONAL: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
This is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. It was originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). This is a reputed scientific and technical organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on the basis of materials, products, systems and services. This is a trusted name for standards. The standards covered by this organization covers various types of pipes, tubes and fittings, especially made of metal, for high-temperature service, ordinary use and special applications like fire protection. The ASTM standards are published in 16 sections consisting of 67 volumes.
AN: Here, “A” stands for Army and “N” stands for NavyThe AN standard was originally designed for the U.S. Military. Whenever, a pipe fitting is AN fittings, it means that the fittings are measured on the outside diameter of the fittings, that is, in 1/16 inch increments. For example, an AN 4 fitting means a fitting with an external diameter of approximately 4/16″ or ¼”. It is to be noted that approximation is important because AN external diameter is not a direct fit with an equivalent NPT thread.

4 BSP: BRITISH STANDARD PIPE
BSP is the U.K. standard for pipe fittings. This refers to a family of standard screw thread types for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. This has been adopted internationally.

Two types of threads are distinguished:
BSPT: British Standard Pipe Taper -also known as “R” or “Rc” threads
BSPP: British Standard Pipe Parallel -also known as “G” or “Rp” threads
While the BSPT achieves pressure tight joints by the threads alone, the BSPP requires a sealing ring.

5 DIN: DEUTSCHES INSTITUT FÜR NORMUNG
This refers to the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the DIN, Deutsches Institut für Normung which in English means the German Institute for Standardization. DIN is the German national organization for standardization and is ISO member body for that country.

6 ISO: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION
ISO is the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the International Organization for Standardization. ISO standards are numbered. They have format as follows:“ISO[/IEC] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title” wherennnnn: standard numberyyyy: year published, and

7 JIS: JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
This is the Japanese industrial standards or the standards used for industrial activities in Japan for pipe, tube and fittings and published through Japanese Standards Associations.

8 NPT: NATIONAL PIPE THREADNPT-draws
National Pipe Thread is a U.S. standard straight

 (NPS) threads or for tapered (NPT) threads. This is the most popular US standard for pipe fittings. NPT fittings are based on the internal diameter (ID) of the pipe fitting.

9 DIN STANDARD DESIGNATION
The designation of a DIN standard shows its origin w

here # symbolizes a number:

DIN # : Used for German standards having mainly domestic significance or designed as the primary step toward international status.
DIN EN # : Used for the German edition of European standards.
DIN ISO # : Used for the German edition of ISO standards.
DIN EN ISO # : Used if the standard has also been adopted as a European standard.
10 DASH (-) SIZE
Dash size is the standard used to refer to the inside diameter of a hose. This indicates the size by a two digit number which represents the relative ID in sixteenths of an inch.

This is also used interchangeably with AN fittings. For example, a Dash “8″ fitting means an AN 8 fitting.
A standard hose guide is given below:

Hose Size In    Nominal ID Inch Dash Size    Standard Dash Size
1/4    3/16    -04
3/8    5/16    -06
1/2    13/32    -08
3/4    5/8    -12
1    7/8    -16
1 ½    –    –
1 ¼    1 1/8    -20
Flanges: Ratings in Classes and Pressure Numbers (PN)
Flange Class
150    300    600    900    1500    2500
Flange Pressure Number, PN
20    50    100    150    250    420

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The normal types of Pipe fittings

 

Wrougth Steel Butt-Welding Fittings
(Carbon & Alloy Steel)

Nomenclature
KS : Korean Indutrial Standards
JIS : Japanese Industrial Standards
ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials
JIS : Japan Pertoleum Institute
MSS : Manufacturers Standardization Society
AWWA : American Water Works Associotion
DIN : Deutsches Institut fur Normung
B.S : British Standards
ASME : American Society of Mechanical Engineers
API : American Petroleum Intitute
International Standard and Code Available
KS : KOREAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
KS B 1522: Steel Butt-Welding Pipe Fittings for Ordinary use.
KS B 1541: Steel Butt-Welding Pipe Fittings.
KS B 1542: Steel Socket-Welding Pipe Fittings.
KS B 1543: Steel Plate Butt-Welding Pipe Fittings.
JIS : JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
JIS B 2311: Steel Butt-Welding Pipe Fittings for Ordinary use.
JIS B 2312: Steel Butt-Welding Pipe Fittings.
JIS B 2313: Steel Plate Butt-Welding Pipe Fittings.
JIS B 2314: Steel Socket-Welding Pipe Fittings.
ANSI : AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE
ANSI B 16.5: Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
ANSI B 16.9: Factory Made Wrought Steel Butt-Welding Fittings.
ANSI B 16.11: Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded.
ANSI B 16.25: Butt-Welding Ends.
ANSI B 16.28: Wrought Steel Butt-Welding short Radious Elbow and Returns.
ANSI B 36.10: Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe.
ANSI B 36.19: Stainless Steel Pipe.
ASTM : AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
ASTM A105: Forging, Carbon Steel for Piping Components.
ASTM A182: Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service.
ASTM A234: Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and Elevated Temperatures.
ASTM A350: Forgings Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components.
ASTM A403: Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings.
ASTM A420: Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service.
ASTM A815: Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings.
MSS : MANUFACTURERS STANDARDIZATION SOCIETY OF THE VALVE AND FITTINGS INDUSTRY
MSS SP-25: Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Unions.
MSS SP-43: Wrought Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings.
MSS SP-44: Steel Pipe Line Flanges.
MSS SP-75: Specification for High Test Wrought Butt-Welding Fittings.
MSS SP-79: Socket Welding Reducer Inserts.
MSS SP-83: Carbon Steel Pipe Unions Socket-Welding and Threaded.
MSS SP-87: Factory-Made Butt-Welding Fittings for Class 1 Nuclear Piping Applications.
MSS SP-95: Swage(d) Nipples and Bull Plugs.
MSS SP-97: Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings-Socket Welding, Threaded and Butt-Welding Ends.
ASME : AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
ASME SECTION Ⅱ: Meterials.
ASME SECTION Ⅲ: Subsection NCA / Division 1 / Division 2
ASME SECTION Ⅴ: Nondestructive Examination.
ASME SECTION Ⅷ: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels / Division 1, Division 2
ASME SECTION Ⅸ: Welding and Brazing Qualifications.

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Pipe Fitting by Types

 Pipe fittings are widely demanded for any piping and plumbing systems used in industrial and commercial applications.

16Mn Alloy elbow, Low alloy steel pipe fittings, 16Mn elbow

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Fittings allow pipes to be joined or installed in the appropriate place and terminated or closed where necessary. Fittings are available in various shapes and sizes. They can be expensive, require time, and different materials and tools to install. They are an essential part of piping and plumbing systems. There are thousands of specialized fittings manufactured. Each type of pipe or tube requires its own type of fitting, but usually all pipe fittings share some common features. Pipe fittings are available everywhere where plumbing materials are sold.

How are pipe fittings connected to pipes?
Contents [hide]

1 How are pipe fittings connected to pipes?
2 Accordingly pipe fittings are organized as follows:
3 Purpose of a pipe fitting:
4 Selection criteria for pipe fittings:
5 Types of pipe fittings:
Pipe fittings are either male fittings or female fittings. In threaded pipe fittings, female threads are on the inside while male threads are on the outside. Pipe fittings that have one female end and one male end are called street fittings. Pipe fittings are used to connect pipes or tubes in two ways:

By threading: Threaded pipes screw together to connect or join. Generally metal pipes are threaded and they have threaded fittings.
By slip fit: Slip fit pipes use sleeves that slip into one another. The plastic pipes are either threaded or slip fit.
Accordingly pipe fittings are organized as follows:

Male threaded: Exterior threads. Are screwed into the inside of pipe end of a larger diameter with internal threading.
Female threaded: Interior threads. Receive male threaded pipe fittings.
Male slip fit: There are no threads. Receive a narrower.
Female slip fit: Female slip fit: There are no threads. Made to slip into slightly larger male sleeve.
Purpose of a pipe fitting:
The basic purposes of any pipe fitting are as follows:

Connecting the bores of two or more pipes or tubes.
Connecting pipe sections.
Connecting a pipe to a different apparatus.
Changing the direction of fluid/liquid flow.
Maintaining or regulating the flow.
Closing and sealing a pipe.

Forged Flange

Selection criteria for pipe fittings:
Pipe fittings are to be chosen considering certain factors. They are as follows:

Connection types: When purchasing pipe fittings, you should be aware of the fact that a fitting can have two different connector types. One end of the fitting might be female threaded while the other female threaded. One end might be male slip while the other end is threaded, in the case of plastic fittings. They can also have matching ends which can accommodate any requirement.
Materials of construction: As a rule, the pipe fitting should be of the same material as the material used in the making of the pipe in which it is to be fitted. However, in some cases, materials conforming to certain codes or standards can also be used in pipes of another material.
Check for flow: To keep the flow consistent, the ends of pipe fittings should be slightly larger than the rest of the pipe so that they can accommodate connections without narrowing the inner diameter (ID) of the pipe.
Type of fitting: Besides pipe materials, pipe fittings are identified by the type of fitting — threaded or slip, male or female.
Size: When measuring the size of pipe fittings, it is to be noted that the male threaded fittings are measured to the outside edge or OD, while female fittings are measured to the inside edge of the inlet or ID.
Thickness: Just as pipes are available in a number of different thicknesses or “schedules”, so also the pipe fittings.
Design: Each pipe or tube is designed to carry certain specific types of fluids, liquids, gases, chemicals under varying conditions. Accordingly, the pipe fittings are also available in variety of designs.
Standards and codes: There are certain standards and codes set by various organizations by which the different pipe fittings are graded. For example, ASTM, ASME, BSP etc. are certain standards assigned to pipe fittings and those standards dictate their use.
Types of pipe fittings:
Depending on the purposes served, pipe fittings can be categorized as under:

Pipe fittings to extend or terminate pipe runs: For example, Couplings, Adapters, Unions , Caps and Plugs Pipe.
Fittings to change a pipe’s direction: For example , Elbows
Pipe fittings to connect two or more pipes: For example: Tees, Cross, Side-inlet Elbows, Wyes
Pipe fittings to change pipe size: For example, Reducers, Bushings, Couplings
Pipe fittings to manage or regulate flow: For example, Valves
Pipe fitting tools: For example, Pipe fasteners
Pipe flanges

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Type of Butt Weld Pipe Fittings

 Pipe Fittings are applied to connect two pipe ends together, to change direction or size of the pipes. There are many different types and shapes on the market.

type-of-butt-weld-pipe-fittings
We manufacture finest quality of butt weld pipe fittings to meet diverse material specification. Our steel butt weld pipe fittings are extremely durable and are available in various shape such as bent,triangular, rectangular etc. Butt weld pipe fittings are ideal multiple connection of pipes and to prevent fluid leakage. Different types of fittings can minimize potential fluid handling system and enhances their over all performance.

There are different parameters to be considered before purchasing and that is the size of the pipe fittings in diameter, thickness of the wall to be according to the pressure in the pipes, materials, shape and many others.

Pipe elbows 
Contents [hide]

1 Pipe elbows 
2 Pipe bending
3 Pipe Tees
4 Pipe cross
5 End caps
6 Pipe reducer
7 Stub end
8 Coupling Fittings
Steel elbow is used to be installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction,usually these carbon steel elbows distinguished by connection ends.

Pipe bending
Pipe bend can be made of variety materials,like carbon steel,alloy steel,stainless steel,low temperature steel or high performance steel,etc.

Pipe Tees
We can provide seamless tube tees and welding tube tees, which can also be divided into straight tees and reducing tees.Usually, the pipe tees have the same inlet and oulet sizes.

Pipe cross
A pipe fitting, having four openings in the same place, at right angles to each other. A pipe cross is a kind of pipe fitting. It is used in the place where four pipes meet together. The pipe cross may have one inlet and three outlets, or there inlets and one outlet.

End caps
End Cap, Carbon Steel cap, Stainless Steel Caps, ANSI, ISO, JIS and DIN Standards, Measures 1/2 to 56 Inches.

Based on different materials, pipe caps include carbon steel cap, stainless steel cap, and alloy steel cap etc.

Pipe reducer
Pipe reducer are tube fittings that are widely used in a number of industries in order to providing greatest connection flexibility in connecting fractional tubes in various installations.

Stub end
Stub Ends are fittings used in place of welded flanges where rotating back up flanges are desired. They are also called Lap Joints and Vanstone Flared Laps. A rotating back up flange seats itself against the back surface of the Stub End.

Coupling Fittings
Coupling fittings are used for fluid conduits in which each end portion of two tubes to be connected is provided with a swaged-on adapter carrying the necessary means to connect or disconnect the tubes without disturbing the swaged-on adapter.

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Pipe elbows

 Elbows, also known as “ells,” are used to change the direction of a pipe system. An elbow typically features a 45, 90 or 180 degree bend, although other angles are also available. Elbows come in a variety of diameters and are generally threaded for connectivity. A common example of an elbow fitting in the home is the piece that extends from the wall of your shower to which the shower head connects.

pipe-elbows
Wall thickness: SCH5 to SCH160When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.
Elbows are categorized based on various design features as below:
Long Radius (LR) Elbows – radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter
Short Radius (SR) Elbows – radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter
90 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 90°
45 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 45°

Size range: 1/2 to 56 inches (DN 15 to DN 1,400mm)
Degree: 22.5 Deg, 45 Deg, 90 Deg, 180 Deg

pipe-elbow-draws

Pipe elbow draws

Manufacturing standards: ANSI, ISO, JIS and DIN
Process: butt welding, seamless
Type: Long radius, Short radius, Large size
Pressure: class 3000, 6000 and 9000

MATERIALS:
carbon steel, stainless steel, malleable iron, brass, A234, A105, A403, F304, F304L, F316 and F316L

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Straight tee and Reducing tee

 the primary purpose of a Tee is to make a 90° branch from the main run of pipe. Standard there are 2 possibilities, on behalf of the equal tee and reducing tee. The equal tee (or straight tee) is used as the branch has the same diameter as the run-pipe.

Straight-tee-and-Reducing-tee
The reducing tee is used as the branch has a smaller diameter as the run-pipe.

Dimensions and Standards of pipe tees
When we talk about a tee NPS 3, a equal or straight tee is intended. With a tee NPS 3 x 2 a reducing tee is intended. Although, officially a reducing tee will be indicated by 3 diameters, namely 3 x 3 x 2 (A x B x C). The A & B measure stands for the Nominal Pipe Size of Run-Pipe, C measure stands for Nominal Pipe Size of Outlet.
This designation actually is superfluous, but comes from the time that tees were available in 3 different ends of diameters, such as 4 x 3 x 2 (A x B x C). In this implementation of course it is necessary, to specify 3 different sizes.
That kind of tees is probably no longer available. Applying a equal tee with a concentric or eccentric reducer is now the usual practice.
A straight or equal buttwelding Tee is available for all common diameters.
A Reducing Tee not, because many diameters are not produced, or can not be produced.

As an example: a reducing tee NPS 6 x 4 is a standard item for most suppliers, but a reducing tee NPS 16 x 2 is probably not available by any supplier.
It would also not economical to use a NPS 16 tee with a NPS 2 outlet; in such situations a Branch Fitting will be used or a Branch Connection will be made.
In addition to the defined tees, there are straight and reducing crosses.
Straight crosses are generally stock items, reducing crosses are often difficult to obtain.
I have never used that tees and I have they never seen in practice, at least not in petro and chemical industry. They will be used where space is limited, by revision work, in shipping industry et cetera.

Wall thickness Tee
By the shape of a tee, the wall thickness can be a critical item. ASME B16.9 only standardizes the end-to-end dimensions, center-to-end dimensions and some “squareness” dimensional tolerances. The wall thickness at the weld line location even is standardized, but not through the rest of the fitting. The standard states that the minimum tolerance will be within 12.5% of the minimum ordered wall thickness of the pipe. A maximum tolerance is specified only at the ends of the fitting.

tee-design
Pipe tee & crosses size

Many providers of welding tees (and elbows) provide one schedule greater thickness so that sufficient wall thickness, after forming, remains. In Tee’s, the crotch radius (T) varies from one manufacturer to another, but some establish itself as a requirement, 1.3 times the wall thickness to maintain the crotch.

ASME B16.9-2003 SECTION 2.2 DESIGN OF FITTINGS SAYS:
…it is expected that some portion of formed fittings may have to be thicker than the pipe wall with which the fitting is intended to be used
Because there is no maximum tolerance for some parts of the fitting, the customer itself must indicate his requirements. Depending on a customer specification, the manufacturer must certify that the manufactured tee, is made the requested requirements.
He can do that with additional drawings, with additional wall thickness measurements etc. verified by an independent party or a customers inspector.
All these additional tests cost money, so it can happen, that the additional costs, many times higher, as the tee itself.

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Pipe cross, Cross fittings

 A pipe cross is a kind of pipe fitting. It is used in the place where four pipes meet together. The pipe cross may have one inlet and three outlets, or there inlets and one outlet. The diameter of the outlet and inlet can be the same and can also be different. That is to say, straight cross and reducing cross are both availabe.

pipe-cross-cross-fittings
CROSS DRAWSSurface treatment: Transparent oil, rust-proof black oil or hot galvanized.

cross-design
Size range: 1/2 to 60 inches
Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160
Standard: ANSI B16.9/B16.28 and MSS SP-43/SP-75

Materials: Carbon steel , alloy steel, stainless steel

Industrial Processes
Bending, squeezing, pressing, forging, machining and more

Applications of pipe tees:
Pipe Tees are widely used in various commercial and industrial applications. Industrial applications include: Chemical processing, Petroleum, Pulp/paper, Refining, Textile, Waste treatment, Marine, Utilities/power generation, Industrial equipment, Automotive, Gas compression and distribution industries

Pipe Tees are also recommended for industrial plant fluid power systems.    

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Pipe cross, Cross fittings

 A pipe cross is a kind of pipe fitting. It is used in the place where four pipes meet together. The pipe cross may have one inlet and three outlets, or there inlets and one outlet. The diameter of the outlet and inlet can be the same and can also be different. That is to say, straight cross and reducing cross are both availabe.

pipe-cross-cross-fittings
CROSS DRAWSSurface treatment: Transparent oil, rust-proof black oil or hot galvanized.

cross-design
Size range: 1/2 to 60 inches
Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160
Standard: ANSI B16.9/B16.28 and MSS SP-43/SP-75

Materials: Carbon steel , alloy steel, stainless steel

Industrial Processes
Bending, squeezing, pressing, forging, machining and more

Applications of pipe tees:
Pipe Tees are widely used in various commercial and industrial applications. Industrial applications include: Chemical processing, Petroleum, Pulp/paper, Refining, Textile, Waste treatment, Marine, Utilities/power generation, Industrial equipment, Automotive, Gas compression and distribution industries

Pipe Tees are also recommended for industrial plant fluid power systems.

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Pipe cap, Cap fittings

 The large variations of caps, are the so-called ellipsoidal or dished heads. There are used to close pipes of large diameters, and are similar to those used for constructing vessels.

large-diameter-pipe-cap
Large diameter pipe cap

WELD PREPARATION
Contents [hide]

1 WELD PREPARATION
2 STANDARD:
3 SURFACE TREATMENT:
4 KEYWORD:
5 COMMON SHAPES:
6 SIZE
For wall thickness less than 3 mm, the caps are supplied with plain weld ends. Larger thicknesses are supplied with the weld bevel of 37 ½°±2 ½°.

STANDARD:
ANSI B16.9 / 16.28, ASTM A53/A106, API 5L, ASME B36.10M—1996, DIN2605 / 2615 / 2616, JIS P2311/2312

A234-WPB-Large-Diameter-Pipe-Cap
A234 WPB Large Diameter Pipe Cap

SURFACE TREATMENT:
Transparent oil, rust-proof black oil or hot galvanized.

Special design available All the production process are made according to ISO9001:2000 strictly.

KEYWORD:
cap,Seamless cap,Steel cap,Carbon Steel Seamless cap,pipe cap,cap end

Based on different materials, pipe caps include carbon steel cap, stainless steel cap, and alloy steel cap etc.
Depending on their construction, pipe caps contain threaded cap, tapered cap and anti-roll cap etc.

COMMON SHAPES:
Pipe caps can be in various shapes. Some of the common shapes are hemispherical, oval, square, rectangular, U shape and I shape.

SIZEcaps
Pipe cap: 1/2″-60″, DN15-DN1500

Wall Thickness:
sch10, sch20, sch30, std, sch40, sch60, xs, sch80, sch100, sch120, sch140, sch160, xxs, sch5s, sch20s, sch40s, sch80s
Max. wall thickness: 200mm

Materials
Carbon steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WPB-WPC
Alloy steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WP 1-WP 12-WP 11-WP 22-WP 5-WP 91-WP 911
Stainless steel: ASTM/ASME A403 WP 304-304L-304H-304LN-304N
ASTM/ASME A403 WP 316-316L-316H-316LN-316N-316Ti
ASTM/ASME A403 WP 321-321H ASTM/ASME A403 WP 347-347H
Low temperature steel: ASTM/ASME A402 WPL 3-WPL 6
High performance steel: ASTM/ASME A860 WPHY 42-46-52-60-65-70

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Large diameter pipe cap

 The large variations of caps, are the so-called ellipsoidal or dished heads. There are used to close pipes of large diameters, and are similar to those used for constructing vessels.

large-diameter-pipe-cap
Large diameter pipe cap

WELD PREPARATION
Contents [hide]

1 WELD PREPARATION
2 STANDARD:
3 SURFACE TREATMENT:
4 KEYWORD:
5 COMMON SHAPES:
6 SIZE
For wall thickness less than 3 mm, the caps are supplied with plain weld ends. Larger thicknesses are supplied with the weld bevel of 37 ½°±2 ½°.

STANDARD:
ANSI B16.9 / 16.28, ASTM A53/A106, API 5L, ASME B36.10M—1996, DIN2605 / 2615 / 2616, JIS P2311/2312

A234-WPB-Large-Diameter-Pipe-Cap
A234 WPB Large Diameter Pipe Cap

SURFACE TREATMENT:
Transparent oil, rust-proof black oil or hot galvanized.

Special design available All the production process are made according to ISO9001:2000 strictly.

KEYWORD:
cap,Seamless cap,Steel cap,Carbon Steel Seamless cap,pipe cap,cap end

Based on different materials, pipe caps include carbon steel cap, stainless steel cap, and alloy steel cap etc.
Depending on their construction, pipe caps contain threaded cap, tapered cap and anti-roll cap etc.

COMMON SHAPES:
Pipe caps can be in various shapes. Some of the common shapes are hemispherical, oval, square, rectangular, U shape and I shape.

SIZEcaps
Pipe cap: 1/2″-60″, DN15-DN1500

Wall Thickness:
sch10, sch20, sch30, std, sch40, sch60, xs, sch80, sch100, sch120, sch140, sch160, xxs, sch5s, sch20s, sch40s, sch80s
Max. wall thickness: 200mm

Materials
Carbon steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WPB-WPC
Alloy steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WP 1-WP 12-WP 11-WP 22-WP 5-WP 91-WP 911
Stainless steel: ASTM/ASME A403 WP 304-304L-304H-304LN-304N
ASTM/ASME A403 WP 316-316L-316H-316LN-316N-316Ti
ASTM/ASME A403 WP 321-321H ASTM/ASME A403 WP 347-347H
Low temperature steel: ASTM/ASME A402 WPL 3-WPL 6
High performance steel: ASTM/ASME A860 WPHY 42-46-52-60-65-70

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The Types of Pipe Flanges

 Pipe flanges connect pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment in a piping

system. Flanges are usually welded or screwed into the systems and then joined

with bolts. The eight types of pipe flanges are available in round, square and

rectangular shapes.

Blind Flanges

A blind, or blanking, flange is a round

plate with no center hold (but with bolt holes) that closes the ends of piping

systems.

Lap Joint Flanges

Piping fitted with lapped pipe or with

lap joint stub ends often use lap joint flanges. Also, systems frequently taken

apart for inspection and cleaning often use lap joint flanges.

Orifice Flanges

Orifice meters that measure the flow rate

of either gases or liquids use orifice flanges.

Reducing Flanges

When a change in diameter is required in

a piping system, reducing flanges are used. A reducing flange has a specified

diameter with a bore of a different, smaller diameter.

Slip-On Flanges

Slip-on flanges slide over the end of a

pipe and are then welded into place. These flanges work well for low-pressure

applications.

Socket Weld Flange

The socket weld flange is

counter-bored to accept the pipe before being fillet welded. This type of flange

is similar to a slip-on flange. The bore of the pipe and flange are the same,

which provides good flow characteristics.

Threaded Flanges

Threaded flanges, which are threaded in

the bore to match an external thread on the pipe, are attachable to a pipe

without welding.

Weld Neck Flanges

Weld neck flanges have a long tapered

hub and are often used for high-pressure applications. The pipe and flange bores

match, which reduces turbulence and erosion inside the pipeline.

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Duplex & Super Duplex Pipe Fittings

 Collection of industrial duplex stainless steel and super duplex steel offered

by us is manufactured in sound infrastructure facilitated with modern and

advanced machines. Developed in compliance with industrial norms, our stainless

steel pipes and duplex steel pipes are well suitable for being used in varied

industrial applications. They are corrosion proof and are sure to offer their

service for longer time.

RANGE :

1/2”NB TO24”NB IN SCH 5 TO SCH XXS

FORM :

ELBOW IN LONG & SHORT RADIUS IN 45DEG, 90 DEG, 180DEG.

EQUAL, UNEQUAL TEE & BERRED TEE

CAPS & CROSSES

LONG & SHORT STUB END

SWAGE NIPPLE & BARREL NIPPLE

QUALITY : 

DUPLEX & SUPER DUPLEX STEEL

UNS S31803, S32205 (2205),S32750 (2507), S32760 (Z-100)

S32900 (329), S32304, F-51, F-53, F-54, F-55 & F-60 & HIGH NICKEL

ALLOYS

TYPE :

WELDED (ERW, FEBRICATED & SEAMLESS

DIMENTIONAL STANDARDS :

ANSI B16.9

SCHEDULES :

Sch 5 to Sch XXS (special wall thicknesses on request)

SIZE RANGE:

½” to80”NB

VALUE ADDED SERVICES :

• Annealed

• Casting

• Electroplating

• Forging

• Heat Treatment (Hardening & Tempering)

• Machining (CNC)

• Pickled

• Polish (Electro & Commercial)

• Rolling

• Threading (As per Guage)

TEST CERTIFICATION :

Our Materials Are Tested To Relevant Standard And Wherever Possible We Give

Original / Copy Of Test Certificate With Heat Number As Well As Govt. Approved Laboratories

Test Certificate Can Also Be Provided.  We Supply the Material under

Inspection of Any Third Party Inspection Agency as per the Client’s

Requirements Such As :

1) Bv- Bureau VERITAS Industrial Services (India)

Pvt. Ltd

2) Lloyds Inspection Agency

3) Rina

4) Irs – International Register Of Shipping (Irs)

5) Dnv – Det Norske Veritas

6) Tcs – Tata Consultancy Services

7) TuvIndia

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Quality management measures of pressure vessel manufacturing materials

 Reasonable selection, proper storage and correct use of manufacturing materials are the prerequisite and basis for ensuring the quality of pressure vessels. This article makes some meaningful discussions on the material quality management issues in pressure vessel manufacturing, hoping to serve as a reference and reference for colleagues in the industry.

As a special pressure-bearing equipment, pressure vessel has been widely used in petrochemical, energy, scientific research and military industries. Its quality is directly related to the production safety of these industrial fields, so it must be given full attention.

In order to ensure the manufacturing quality of pressure vessels, the first requirement is to manage and control the quality of vessel materials. If the pressure vessel manufacturing materials used have quality defects, no matter how the subsequent optimization and improvement of the process process, the final product quality is difficult to guarantee.

Therefore, reasonable selection, proper storage and correct use of manufacturing materials are the prerequisite and basis for ensuring the quality of pressure vessel products. Based on this standpoint, this article makes some meaningful discussions on the material quality management issues in pressure vessel manufacturing, hoping to serve as a reference for colleagues in the industry.

The pressure vessel parts are as follows:
1. Tube sheets
2. Baffles
3. Flanges
4. Heat Exchanger Bundle Tubes, etc
Overview of pressure vessel manufacturing
Contents [hide]

1 Overview of pressure vessel manufacturing
2 Matters needing attention in material substitution
3 Material quality management measures in pressure vessel manufacturing
3.1 Material procurement measures
3.2 Measures in the acceptance link
3.3 Material storage measures
3.4 Material recycling measures
As a special pressure-bearing equipment, the pressure vessel’s manufacturing quality is very important for the safety application in the industrial field. At present, in order to ensure the production quality of pressure vessels, my country has issued corresponding standards and specifications, which must be designed and manufactured in strict accordance with the requirements of the national standard.

In practical applications, the types of pressure vessels are different, and their functioning principles and application fields are also different. This requires that in the process of manufacturing them, the manufacturing quality must be ensured to meet the actual application requirements.

In addition, as a special type of equipment, pressure vessels are more difficult to manufacture than general vessel products. The entire manufacturing process has very high quality and safety requirements, requiring close coordination and cooperation from multiple disciplines.

In reality, there are many factors that affect the quality of pressure vessel manufacturing, and any error in any of them will affect the quality of the final product. Material selection is the first step of manufacturing, and strict quality control is also necessary.

Considering that there are many types of materials available in practice, and the final material quality still depends on the control of storage and other links, it is of great significance to strengthen the control of factors related to material quality in the manufacturing process and must be given sufficient attention.

Matters needing attention in material substitution
In the manufacturing process, if a thick plate is used instead of a thin plate, the structure of the joint may be changed. For example, when the thickness increases more, the welding structure may change.

When the overall thickness is replaced by thinness, even if the local stress at the joint between the head and the cylinder is not increased, it will affect the quality of the container product to a certain extent, and it will also cause the welding, flaw detection and heat treatment processes used in the original design to be changed. Land no longer applies.

In addition, the substitution of materials for pressure vessels may also lead to changes in the weight of the container products, which in turn will affect the supporting support and foundation of the products.

In short, in the manufacture of pressure vessels, in principle, it is not allowed to substitute materials randomly, because different materials will have different performances. Even if one performance has reached a higher level, it may be replaced by another. In terms of low-to-high, and these will make the process measures and schemes used in the entire production process must be modified accordingly, but this change often results in poor solderability and doubled manufacturing process difficulty. So we must be cautious about material substitution.

Material quality management measures in pressure vessel manufacturing
Material procurement measures
For machinery manufacturing, the procurement of raw materials is a key basic link to control the quality of the final product, and the manufacturing of pressure vessels is naturally no exception.

Taking into account the chaotic order of the current material supply market, even for materials of the same specification, quality differences caused by different manufacturers abound. Therefore, pressure vessel manufacturers must strengthen management of the procurement of raw materials.

First of all, we must conduct credit checks on the production and suppliers of materials, and select those with good credit and long-term cooperative relations.

Secondly, after each material purchase is completed, the company should evaluate the supplier’s supply speed, service quality and product quality, and record the evaluation results in the material supplier’s files for future material supplier selection Provide evidence.

Finally, pressure vessel manufacturers should establish a sound and complete material procurement quality control system, strengthen supervision of whether the purchased materials comply with relevant national and industry standards, and strengthen inspections of the material quality certificates and other certification materials provided by suppliers. The responsibility for inspection is assigned to the individual, and strive to ensure that the selected materials meet the design performance index requirements.

Measures in the acceptance link
The quality management department shall strengthen the quality acceptance of the delivered materials, and the inspectors and engineers may conduct quality inspections on whether the materials meet the relevant standard requirements. Before the materials are put into storage, they must go through scientific acceptance and supervise whether the acceptance process meets the relevant process specifications.

Make sure that the procedures are complete when materials are put into storage. Acceptance records of materials must be filled in accurately. All the above processes must form a clear process specification. Once there is an acceptance problem, the responsibility traceability mechanism can be activated immediately to find out the problems in the acceptance process and improve it.

Material storage measures
The purchased materials shall be classified and stored when they are put into the warehouse. They shall be kept scientifically according to the specifications, composition and physical and chemical properties of the materials, and shall be marked accordingly.

The material storage warehouse should meet relevant requirements such as ventilation and drying, and different sensors should be set up in the storage area according to different materials to monitor whether the storage environment meets the storage requirements of the materials in real time to ensure that the materials will not appear in storage Degeneration and other issues.

Finally, in the process of distributing materials, we must strictly abide by the “application-review” system, standardize the application and distribution process of materials, and ensure the scientific and reasonable use of materials.

Material recycling measures
Before using the material, the size and specification of the material should be checked according to relevant regulations and drawings. Only after the inspection is qualified can it be used for pressure vessel manufacturing. Mark the materials that have been received and still have surplus after manufacturing. After the materials pass the inspection and confirmation, the return procedures can be processed.

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What is stainless steel strip?

 Contents [hide]

1 What is stainless steel strip?

2 Classification of stainless steel strip

2.1 Cold rolled stainless steel strip

2.2 Stainless steel hot rolled strip

2.3 Difference between cold and hot rolled stainless steel strip

3 Properties of stainless steel strip

3.1 Correlation between physical properties and temperature

3.2 Physical properties at low temperature

Stainless steel strip can be regarded as the extension product of ultra-thin stainless steel plate. It is a kind of long and narrow stainless steel plate which is usually manufactured to meet the needs of various industrial mechanical products. Stainless steel strip is also called stainless steel strip. The maximum width of stainless steel strip can not exceed 1220 mm, but the length is not limited. According to the processing method, the stainless steel strip can be divided into cold-rolled stainless steel strip and hot-rolled stainless steel strip.

Stainless steel strip has excellent strength, precision, surface finish and other properties, which is widely used in aerospace, petrochemical, automobile, textile, electronics, household appliances, computer and precision machining and other pillar industries.

Stainless steel strip

Classification of stainless steel strip

Stainless steel sheet supplied in coils can also be called strip steel. Divided into hot rolling, cold rolling, ordinary stainless steel strip, high quality stainless steel strip and precision stainless steel strip.

There are many kinds of stainless steel belts, including 201 stainless steel belt, 202 stainless steel belt, 304 stainless steel belt, 301 stainless steel belt, 302 stainless steel belt, 303 stainless steel belt, 316 stainless steel belt, J4 stainless steel belt, 309S stainless steel belt, 316L stainless steel belt, 317L stainless steel belt, 310S stainless steel belt, 430 stainless steel iron belt, etc.

The thickness is 0.02mm-4mm, and the width is 3.5mm-1550mm.

Stainless steel with domestic (imported) stainless steel strip: stainless steel coil strip, stainless steel spring band, stainless steel stamping band, stainless steel precision belt, stainless steel mirror belt, stainless steel cold rolling strip, stainless steel hot rolling strip, stainless steel etching strip, stainless steel stretching belt, stainless steel polishing belt, stainless steel soft belt, stainless steel hard belt, stainless steel medium hard belt, stainless steel high temperature resistant belt, etc.

stainless steel strip

Cold rolled stainless steel strip

Cold rolled stainless steel strip

Stainless steel strip or coil is used as raw material and rolled by cold rolling mill at room temperature. The conventional thickness is 0.1 mm ~ 3 mm, while the width is 100 mm ~ 2 000 mm.

Cold rolled stainless steel strip has the advantages of smooth surface, smooth surface, high dimensional accuracy and good mechanical properties. Most products are rolled and can be processed into coated steel plate.

The production process sequence of cold-rolled stainless steel strip or coil is acid pickling, normal temperature rolling, process lubrication, annealing, leveling, fine cutting and packaging.

Stainless steel hot rolled strip

Stainless steel hot rolled strip

Hot rolled stainless steel strip is made by hot rolling mill with thickness of 1.80mm-6.00mm and width of 50mm-1200mm. Hot rolled stainless steel has the advantages of low hardness, easy processing and good ductility. Its production processes are acid pickling, high temperature rolling, process lubrication, annealing, leveling, fine cutting and packaging.

Difference between cold and hot rolled stainless steel strip

There are three main differences between cold-rolled stainless steel strip and hot-rolled stainless steel strip

Firstly, the strength and yield strength of cold-rolled stainless steel strip are better, and the ductility and toughness of hot-rolled stainless steel strip are good.

Secondly, the thickness of cold-rolled stainless steel strip is ultra-thin, while the thickness of hot-rolled stainless steel strip is larger.

In addition, the surface quality, appearance and dimensional accuracy of cold-rolled stainless steel strip are better than those of hot-rolled stainless steel strip.

Properties of stainless steel strip

Like other materials, the physical properties of stainless steel strip mainly include the following three aspects: melting point, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and linear expansion coefficient, electromagnetic properties such as resistivity, conductivity and permeability, and mechanical properties such as young’s modulus of elasticity and rigidity coefficient. These properties are generally considered to be inherent characteristics of stainless steel materials, but they are also affected by such factors as temperature, processing degree and magnetic field strength. In general, the thermal conductivity and electrical resistance of stainless steel are lower than that of pure iron.

Correlation between physical properties and temperature

(1) Specific heat capacity

With the change of temperature, the specific heat capacity will change, but in the process of temperature change, once the phase transformation or precipitation occurs in the metal structure, the specific heat capacity will change significantly.

(2) Thermal conductivity

Below 600 ℃, the thermal conductivity of all kinds of stainless steel is in the range of 10 ~ 30W / (m · ℃), and the thermal conductivity increases with the increase of temperature. At 100 ℃, the order of thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 1Cr17, 00Cr12, 2Cr25N, 0cr18ni11ti, 0Cr18Ni9, 0cr17ni12m ο 2 and 2cr25ni20. At 500 ℃, the order of thermal conductivity is 1 CR 13, 1 CR 17, 2 CR 25 n, 0 CR 17 Ni 12 m o 9 2, 0 CR 18 Ni 9 Ti and 2 CR 25 Ni 20. Compared with ordinary carbon steel, the thermal conductivity of austenitic stainless steel is about 1 / 4 of that at 100 ℃.

(3) Coefficient of linear expansion

In the range of 100-900 ℃, the linear expansion coefficients of the main stainless steel grades are basically in the range of 10 ˉ 6 ˉ 6 ˉ 1 ˉ 130 * 10 ˉ 6 ˉ 1, and it increases with the increase of temperature. For precipitation hardening stainless steel, the linear expansion coefficient is determined by aging treatment temperature.

(4) Resistivity

At 0 ~ 900 ℃, the specific resistance of the main grades of stainless steel is 70 * 10 ˉ 6 ~ 130 * 10 ˉ 6 Ω· m, and it increases with the increase of temperature. When it is used as heating material, the material with low resistivity should be selected.

(5) Permeability

Austenitic stainless steel is also known as non-magnetic material because of its low permeability. Steel with stable austenite structure, such as 0 CR 20 Ni 10, 0 CR 25 Ni 20, etc., will not be magnetic even if it is processed with large deformation more than 80%. In addition, austenite stainless steels with high carbon, high nitrogen and high manganese, such as 1cr17mn6nisn, 1Cr18Mn8Ni5N and high manganese austenitic stainless steels, will undergo phase transformation under large reduction, so it remains non-magnetic. At high temperatures above the Curie point, even strong magnetic materials lose their magnetism. However, some austenitic stainless steels, such as 1cr17ni7 and 0Cr18Ni9, have metastable austenite structure, so martensitic transformation will occur during large reduction or low temperature processing, which will have magnetic properties and increase permeability.

(6) Elastic modulus

At room temperature, the longitudinal elastic modulus of ferritic stainless steel is 200kn / mm2, and that of austenitic stainless steel is 193kn / mm2, which is slightly lower than that of carbon structural steel. With the increase of temperature, the longitudinal elastic modulus decreases, the Poisson’s ratio increases, and the transverse elastic modulus (rigidity) decreases significantly. The longitudinal elastic modulus will affect the work hardening and microstructure aggregation.

(7) Density

The density of ferritic stainless steel with high chromium content is small, while that of austenitic stainless steel with high nickel and manganese content is high, and the density becomes smaller due to the increase of spacing between the elements at high temperature.

Physical properties at low temperature

(1) Thermal conductivity

The thermal conductivity of all kinds of stainless steel is slightly different at very low temperature, but generally speaking, it is about 1 / 50 of that at room temperature. At low temperature, the thermal conductivity increases with the increase of magnetic flux (flux density).

(2) Specific heat capacity

At very low temperatures, the specific heat capacities of various stainless steels are different. The specific heat capacity is greatly affected by temperature. The specific heat capacity at 4K can be reduced to less than 1 / 100 of the specific heat capacity at room temperature.

(3) Thermal expansion

For austenitic stainless steel, there is a little difference in shrinkage rate (relative to 273k) below 80K. The content of nickel has a certain effect on the shrinkage.

(4) Resistivity

At very low temperature, the difference of resistivity between different grades increases. The alloy elements have great influence on the resistivity.

(5) Magnetism

At low temperature, the effect of mass susceptibility on load magnetic field of austenitic stainless steel is different with different materials. The contents of different alloying elements are also different.

There is no difference in permeability between different grades.

(6) Elastic modulus

At low temperature, the Poisson’s ratio of austenitic stainless steel with magnetic transformation has an extreme value.

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How to choose valve material under high temperature condition?

 The high temperature valve has good quenching property and can be deeply quenched instead of the surface quenching of anti saw lock on the market. In general information, the valve with working temperature T > 450 ℃ is called high temperature valve. However, there is no unified standard for the classification of high temperature grade of high temperature valves.

How to choose valve material under high temperature condition?

High temperature working conditions mainly include sub high temperature, high temperature grade I, high temperature grade II, high temperature grade III, high temperature grade IV and high temperature grade V, which are respectively introduced below.

Sub high temperature

Sub high temperature refers to the valve working temperature in the 325 ~ 425 ℃ region. If the medium is water and steam, WCB, WCC, A105, wc6 and wc9 are mainly used. If the medium is sulfur-containing oil, C5, CF8, CF3, CF8M and cf3m are mainly used. At this time, the valves made of CF8, CF8M, CF3 and cf3m are not used to resist the corrosion of acid solution, but are used in sour oil products and oil and gas pipelines. In this condition, the upper limit of the maximum operating temperature of CF8, CF8M, CF3 and cf3m is 450 ℃.

High temperature grade I

When the working temperature of the valve is 425 ~ 550 ℃, it is high temperature class I (referred to as PI). The main material of PI valve is CF8 in astma351 standard, which is “high temperature grade I medium carbon chromium nickel rare earth titanium high quality heat resistant steel”. Because PI grade is a specific name, the concept of high temperature stainless steel (P) is included here. Therefore, if the working medium is water or steam, high temperature steel wc6 (t ≤ 540 ℃) or wc9 (t ≤ 570 ℃) can also be used, while high temperature steel C5 (zg1cr5mo) can also be used for sour oil, but they can not be called PI grade here.

High temperature grade II

The working temperature of the valve is 550 ~ 650 ℃, which is designated as high temperature class II (referred to as P Ⅱ). Grade II high temperature valve is mainly used in heavy oil catalytic cracking unit of refinery. It includes high temperature lining wear-resistant gate valve used in three swirl nozzle and other parts. The main material of P Ⅱ valve is CF8 in astma351 standard, which is “high temperature grade II medium carbon chromium nickel rare earth titanium tantalum strengthened heat resistant steel”.

High temperature grade III

The working temperature of the valve is 650 ～ 730 ℃, which is designated as high temperature class III (referred to as P Ⅲ). The P Ⅲ high temperature valve is mainly used in heavy oil catalytic cracking unit of refinery. The main material of P Ⅲ high temperature valve is CF8M in astma351 standard, which is “high temperature grade III medium carbon chromium nickel molybdenum rare earth titanium tantalum strengthened heat resistant steel”.

High temperature grade IV

The operating temperature of the valve is 730 ~ 816 ℃, which is designated as high temperature grade IV (referred to as P Ⅳ). The upper limit of operating temperature for class P IV valves is set at 816 ℃ because the maximum temperature provided in the standard asmeb16134 pressure temperature class selected for valve design is 816 ℃ (1500 V). In addition, when the working temperature exceeds 816 ℃, the steel is close to entering the forging temperature region. At this time, the metal is in the plastic deformation range, and the metal has good plasticity, and it is difficult to bear high working pressure and impact force without deformation. The main material of P IV valve is CF8M in astma351 standard, which is “high temperature grade IV medium carbon chromium nickel molybdenum rare earth titanium tantalum strengthened heat resistant steel”. F310 (C content ≥ 01050%) and f310h in CK-20 and astma182 standards.

High temperature grade V

If the working temperature of the valve is higher than 816 ℃, it is referred to as p-v. the P-V high-temperature valve (used as cut-off valve instead of regulating butterfly valve) must adopt special design means, such as lining insulation lining or water or air cooling, etc., to ensure the normal operation of the valve. Therefore, there is no stipulation on the upper limit of the operating temperature of the p V class high temperature valve. This is because the control of the working temperature of the valve is not only based on the material, but also solved by special design means, and the basic principle of the design means is the same. According to the working medium, working pressure and special design method, the reasonable material which can meet the valve can be selected. In P V class high temperature valve, the insert plate or butterfly plate of flue gate valve or butterfly valve is usually made of hk-30 and HK-40 superalloys in astma297 standard. They can resist corrosion in oxidation resistance and reducing gas below 1150 ℃, but can not bear impact and high pressure load.

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What is silver bright steel?

 Silver bright steel It is also called silver steel branch, commonly known as bright round bar or smooth circle. It refers to the round steel with bright surface without rolling defects and decarburization layer. All kinds of steel, carbon steel, easy cutting steel, bearing steel, tool steel, stainless steel, valve steel, etc., can be processed into silver bright steel.

What is silver bright steel?

Classification method
Contents [hide]

1 Classification method
1.1 Flake steel
1.2 Polish steel
1.3 Buff steel
1.3.1 What is drawing?
2 Application of silver bright steel
3 Instructions for ordering (GB/T 3207-2008)
3.1 Straightness and roughness regulations
3.2 Tolerance table
According to different processing methods, silver bright steel can be divided into peeling material, polishing material and polishing material.
Flake steel
Round steel straightened after removing rolling defects and decarburized layer by turning and peeling.
Polish steel
Round steel that is polished after drawing or peeling.
Buff steel
Round steel which is polished after drawing, turning, peeling or polishing.
What is drawing?
Drawing is a method of plastic deformation of steel at room temperature. It can be divided into cold-drawing and pinching-out according to different processes.
Cold-drawing: the method of applying tension at both ends of a metal material to produce tensile deformation.
Pinching-out: a method of deforming the material through a die hole by applying a pulling force at one end of the material. The diameter of the die should be smaller than the diameter of the material. Pinching-out can also produce profiles other than round bar, and the final product is usually obtained after several passes of pinching-out.
Application of silver bright steel
Hot rolled steel annealed into silver bright steel has the advantages of high dimensional accuracy and good surface quality, especially the peeled and polished materials are effectively removed from the surface decarburized layer, surface cracks and various external defects, which can be directly used, save working hours and reduce tool loss. Therefore, it is widely used in machinery and equipment manufacturing, electronics, petroleum, chemical, automobile, railway and manufacturing Shipbuilding, aerospace, nuclear power and other industries.
Instructions for ordering (GB/T 3207-2008)
In addition to the conventional materials and specifications, yinliang steel orders usually have diameter tolerance (tolerance), straightness (straightness) and surface roughness requirements.
Straightness and roughness regulations
Delivery status

Code name

Straightness

Roughness Ra

Peeling

SF

≤1mm/m

≤3.0μm

polish

SP

≤2mm/m

≤5.0μm

polishing

SB

≤1mm/m

≤0.6μm

Tolerance table
Nominal diameter

h7

h8

h9

h10

h11

1.0~3.0

0

-0.010

0

-0.014

0

-0.025

0

-0.040

0

-0.060

＞3.0~6.0

0

-0.012

0

-0.018

0

-0.030

0

-0.048

0

-0.075

＞6.0~10.0

0

-0.015

0

-0.022

0

-0.036

0

-0.058

0

-0.090

＞10.0~18.0

0

-0.018

0

-0.027

0

-0.043

0

-0.070

0

-0.11

＞18.0~30.0

0

-0.021

0

-0.033

0

-0.052

0

-0.084

0

-0.13

＞30.0~50.0

0

-0.025

0

-0.039

0

-0.062

0

-0.100

0

-0.16

＞50.0~80.0

0

-0.030

0

-0.046

0

-0.074

0

-0.12

0

-0.19

＞80.0~120

0

-0.035

0

-0.054

0

-0.087

0

-0.14

0

-0.22

＞120~180

0

-0.040

0

-0.063

0

-0.100

0

-0.16

0

-0.25

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