Standard Reference for Seamless Steel Pipe

 1. Seamless steel tube for structure (GB / T8162-1999) is a seamless steel pipe for general structure and mechanical structure.

2. Seamless steel tube for fluid transportation (GB / T8163-1999) is a general seamless steel pipe for transporting fluids such as water, oil and gas.
3. Seamless steel tubes for low and medium pressure boilers (GB3087-1999) are used to manufacture superheated steam pipes, boiling water pipes for various structures of low and medium pressure boilers, superheated steam pipes, large smoke pipes, small smoke pipes and arch bricks for locomotive boilers Hot rolled and cold drawn (rolled) seamless steel tubes for high-quality carbon structural steel for pipes.
4. Seamless steel tubes for high-pressure boilers (GB5310-1995) are high-quality carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless heat-resistant steel seamless steel tubes for the heating surface of water tube boilers with high pressure and above pressure.

5. High-pressure seamless steel pipe for fertilizer equipment (GB6479-2000) is a high-quality carbon structural steel and alloy steel seamless steel pipe suitable for chemical equipment and pipelines with working temperature of -40 ~ 400 ℃ and working pressure of 10 ~ 30Ma.
6. Seamless steel pipe for petroleum cracking (GB9948-88) is a seamless steel pipe suitable for furnace tubes, heat exchangers and pipelines in petroleum refineries.
7. Steel pipe for geological drilling (YB235-70) is a steel pipe used for core drilling in the geological department. It can be pided into drill pipe, drill collar, core pipe, casing and precipitation pipe according to the purpose.
8. Seamless steel pipe for diamond core drilling (GB3423-82) is a seamless steel pipe used for drilling of diamond core, drill rod, core rod and casing.
9. Petroleum drilling pipe (YB528-65) is a seamless steel pipe used for both inner and outer thickening at both ends of oil drilling. There are two kinds of steel pipes: turning wire and non-turning wire. The turning pipe is connected by a joint, and the turning pipe is connected to the tool joint by butt welding.
10. Carbon steel seamless steel pipe for ships (GB5213-85) is a carbon steel seamless steel pipe for manufacturing Class I pressure-resistant piping system, Class II pressure-resistant piping system, boiler and superheater. The working temperature of the carbon steel seamless steel pipe wall does not exceed 450 ℃, and the working temperature of the alloy steel seamless steel pipe wall exceeds 450 ℃.
11. Seamless steel tubes for automobile half-shaft bushings (GB3088-82) are high-quality carbon structural steel and alloy structural steel hot-rolled seamless steel tubes for manufacturing automobile half-shaft bushings and drive axle housing axle tubes.
12. High-pressure fuel pipe for diesel engine (GB3093-2002) is a cold-drawn seamless steel pipe used for manufacturing high-pressure pipe of diesel engine injection system.
13. Precision inner diameter seamless steel tubes for hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders (GB8713-88) are cold drawn or cold rolled precision seamless steel tubes with precise inner diameters for the manufacture of hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders.
14. Cold drawn or cold rolled precision seamless steel pipe (GB3639-2000) is a cold drawn or cold rolled precision seamless steel pipe with high dimensional accuracy and good surface finish for mechanical structure and hydraulic equipment. The use of precision seamless steel tubes to manufacture mechanical structures or hydraulic equipment, etc., can greatly save mechanical processing hours, improve material utilization, and help improve product quality.
15. Stainless steel seamless steel pipe for structure (GB / T14975-2002) is a stainless steel hot-rolled stainless steel (corrosion-resistant pipe and structural parts and components widely used in chemical, petroleum, light textile, medical, food, machinery, etc.) ( Extruded, expanded) and cold drawn (rolled) seamless steel tubes.
16. Stainless steel seamless steel pipe for fluid transportation (GB / T14976-2002) is a hot rolled (extruded, expanded) and cold drawn (rolled) seamless steel pipe made of stainless steel for fluid transportation.
17. Special-shaped seamless steel tubes are the general term for seamless steel tubes with cross-sectional shapes other than round tubes. According to the different shape and size of the steel tube cross section, it can be pided into equal-wall thickness special-shaped seamless steel pipe (code D), unequal-wall thickness special-shaped seamless steel pipe (code BD), variable diameter special-shaped seamless steel pipe (code BJ). Special-shaped seamless steel tubes are widely used in various structural parts, tools and mechanical parts. Compared with round tubes, shaped tubes generally have larger moments of inertia and section modulus, and have greater bending and torsion resistance, which can greatly reduce the weight of the structure and save steel.

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The inherentoxidation resistanceand elevatedtemperaturestrength of stainless steel

Flange Fittings Pipe China Supplier www.wilsonpipeline.com

The inherent oxidation resistance and elevated temperature strength of stainless steel finds useful application in buildings and structures where fire resistance is very important. The most useful family of stainless steel for these applications is theaustenitic, but the short-term nature of fire means that embrittlement should not be practical issue and so the ferritic andduplex families can also be considered.

As materials, stainless steel, do not have an intrinsic ‘fire rating’. Tests to assess fire resistance are done on specific fabrications under precise conditions. This is covered by BS476 parts 20, 21 (load-bearing elements) and 22 (non-load-bearing elements).

Design software which automatically calculate the behaviour of loaded stainless steel sections in a fire can be accessed at Stainless Steel in Construction.

Fire testing
BS 476 covers fire testing on building material and structures. Many of the parts of this standard are not directly relevant to stainless steel. 
Parts 4, 6,7, 11, 12, 13, 15 in particular are not appropriate to stainless steel as these deal with tests such as:
combustibility (ignitability from flame impingement or thermal irradiance)
fire propagation
surface spread of flames
heat emission at 750°C

Stainless steel are not ignitable and will also not assist in the propagation of fires by flame spread. The surface of stainless steel is normally inert and stable in oxidizing conditions, such as those found in most flames and heat sources

However to satisfy the requirements of BS476 and similar fire testing standards, tests need to be done on specific fabricated components. Stainless steel, as a material, does not carry a ‘fire rating’.

Results of fire testing on stainless steel components

Tests done for Stewart Fraser Ltd. on their fire resistant 316 type doors and frames to BS467 part 22 showed that after 60minutes, the temperature on the ‘safe’ side of the door only reached 98°C. (These doors have a 316 frame and contain an insulating non-combustible board filling.)
The test was terminated after 2 hours 10minutes with the doors and frames fully in tact.
The only damage was due to thermal distortion and some discoloration of the steel on the ‘safe’ side. The fire on the ‘attack’ side was fully contained by the doors for over two hours.

Tests done on 1.4362 (2304) type duplex, supplied for testing by Avesta AB 1991, and fabricated into a clad ships bulkhead, also demonstrates the fire resistance of stainless steels.
The fabricated bulkhead with a 1.5mm thick 1.4362 corrugated profile skin and ceramic wool insulating filler performed satisfactorily under a simulated hydrocarbon fuel fire. The ‘attack’ temperature reached 1100°C and radiated a bright orange colour after only 15 minutes. Some distortion and attendant insulation smoke were recorded during the tests, but after 40minutes the temperature on the ‘safe’ face was still below 30°C. This surface temperature had risen to around 110°C after 60 minutes.
After 120 minutes it was noted that the test unit was continuing to satisfy the criterion (International Maritime Organisation ResolutionA517 (XIII)) for resistance to smoke and hot gases penetration.

Manufacturers of products and components for fire resisting applications should be consulted at an early stage to avoid costly design changes at a later stage.

Heat resisting properties of stainless steel

Most stainless steel grades that would be considered for building applications ie the 304 (1.4301) and 316 (1.4401) types have useful, long-term oxidation resistance at temperatures over 800°C and do not begin to melt until temperatures of over 1375°C are reached. It is unlikely that uniform, sustained high temperatures like these would be reached in short term ‘transient’ fire conditions.

The short term tensile strength, elastic (Young’s) modulus and physical properties of thermal expansion and conductivity are of interest in assessing stainless steels for fire resistance.
The 304 and 316 austenitic types loose strength to about 55% of their ambient temperature levels at 700°C, the 0.2% proof strengths being around 225 to 308 Mpa (N/mm2) at ambient to 95 to 131 Mpa (N/mm2) at 700°C. The modulus, typically around 200KN/mm2 at ambient temperatures, falls to around 144 KN/mm2 at 700 °C for type 304. This is significantly different from carbon steels, where the modulus at 800 °C can be as low as only 9% of the ambient value.

The higher thermal expansion rates for the austenitic stainless steels means that physical distortion can be a problem in transient fire conditions where thermal gradients are likely to be large.
The thermal conductivity of the austenitic family is lower than ferritics and although this may be useful in containing heat flow through a structure, it may contribute to thermal distortion.
Allowances for distortion and seizing of items like fire doors should be considered.

Source: Zhejiang wilsonpipeline Pipe Industry Co., Limited (www.wilsonpipeline.com)

Flange Fittings Pipe China Supplier www.wilsonpipeline.com

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A Plug Valve is an industrial purpose valve which is used to control the flow of fluid in pipelines or into any processing units.

 They are a kind of rotational motion valves which are used to stop or start fluid flow. They are so called because of the shape of the disk, which resembles a plug.

A Plug Valve is an industrial purpose valve which is used to control the flow of fluid in pipelines or into any processing units. These valves consist of plugs which are either conical or cylindrical tapered and can be rotated inside the valve body either with the help of a hand wheel or motor actuated.

Materials used:

• Stainless steel
• Aluminum
• Bronze
• Brass
• Copper
• Nickel
• Cast iron
• Steel
• Plastic
• Rubber etc.

Buying Tips Certain features to look for are as follows: Body Options Port Options End Connections Sizes Material of construction Types Durability Corrosion resistant

Types of Plug Valves:

Plug valves are made with tapered and cylindrical plugs and are available in various types like given below:

• Nonlubricated plug valve: This is the earliest form of plug valve. A nonlubricated plug valve may use a tapered plug having a mechanical lifting device, which unseats the plug before it is turned to reduce the operating torque required. It may also have an elastomeric sleeve or plug coating with a low coefficient of rubbing friction. Though this design is still in use, the problems with galling and sticking limit their usefulness.
• Lubricated plug valve: The lubricated plug valves were developed to overcome the difficulties of non-lubricated plug valves. In this type of plug valve, the lubricant is forced into the valve under pressure. The lubricant prevents leakage between the plug and body. The lubricant also reduces friction and wear between the surfaces when the plug is turned. The use of lubricant between the plug face and the seat eliminates most of the problems of nonlubricated valves.
• 2-port valve: This kind of plug valve has two positions—one which is open to allow flow, and the other to shut or close to stop flow. Ports are openings through which fluid can enter or leave in the valve body.
• 3-way plug valve: In this type of plug valve, there are three ports and flow from one port could be directed to either the second or third port. A 3-way plug valve can also be designed in such a way to shift flow between ports 1 and 2, 2 and 3, or 1 and 3. They can also connect all three ports together.

Parts of plug valves:

The body of the plug valve comprises three parts:

• Body
• Cover
• Plug

The plug is a cylindrical, tapered or cone-shape mechanism that can raise or lower within the seat to restrict, maintain or completely shut off flow. The plug valve is opened by rotation and the plug is the only element that is capable of movement.

A diagrammatic representation of plug valve is given below.
The body of a plug valve is designed to receive the tapered or cylindrical plug.

Uses of plug valves:

• Plug valves are high capacity valves that are found widely in-
  • low-pressure sanitary applications and
  • industrial applications, like petroleum pipelines, chemical processing and related fields, and power plants.
• They are extremely versatile valves that can be used for directional flow control.
• They can be used even in moderate vacuum systems.
• Plug valves can efficiently handle gas and liquid fuel.
• They can safely handle extreme temperature flow, such as boiler feed water, condensate, and other such elements.
• Plug valves can be used to regulate the flow of liquids containing suspended solids, for example, slurries.

Industries Using Plug Valves:

• Air Conveying
• Automobile plants
• Atomic Energy Installations
• Bakeries
• Chemical industry
• Dairies
• Fertilizer plants
• Iron and steel industry
• Testing laboratories etc.  

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Piping standards imply application design and construction rules and requirements for pipe fittings like adapters, flanges, sleeves, elbows, union, tees, valves etc.

 

The integrity of pipe fittings and flanges in the piping system depends on various principles used in design, construction and maintenance of the entire system. The components of pipe fittings are made in different materials, in a variety of types and sizes and hence should be manufactured according to common national standards or according to manufacturers’ proprietary item. Some manufacturers also use their own internal piping standards based upon national and industry sector standards.With the rapid expansion in the global trade, standardization of various products has become an essential requirement. The standards given to various products significantly contributes towards increasing international trade which in turn bridges the quality gap between the manufacturers, producers and buyers of different nations. In pipe fittings as well, standards play a vital role. The manufacture and installation of pipe fittings is tightly regulated by various standards and codes.

Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”:

Piping codes imply the requirements of design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and inspection of various pipe and piping system. It has a limited jurisdiction defined by the code. On the other hand, piping standards imply application design and construction rules and requirements for pipe fittings like adapters, flanges, sleeves, elbows, union, tees, valves etc. Like a code, it also has a limited scope defined by the standard.

Factors affecting standards:

“Standards” on pipe fittings are based on certain factors like as follows:

• Pressure-temperature ratings
• Size
• Design
• Coatings
• Materials
• Marking
• End connections
• Dimensions and tolerances
• Threading
• Pattern taper etc.

Types of pipe fitting standards:

Some widely used pipe fitting standards are as follows:

1. ANSI: The American National Standards Institute
   ANSI is a private, non-profit organization. Its main function is to administer and coordinate the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It provides a forum for development of American national standards. ANSI assigns “schedule numbers”. These numbers classify wall thicknesses for different pressure uses.
2. ASME: American Society for Mechanical Engineers
   This is one of the reputed organizations in the world developing codes and standards. The schedule number for pipe fitting starts from ASME/ANSI B16. The various classifications of ASME/ANSI B16 standards for different pipe fittings are as follows:
   • ASME/ANSI B16.1 – 1998 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
   • ASME/ANSI B16.3 – 1998 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
   • ASME/ANSI B16.4 – 1998 – Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
   • ASME/ANSI B16.5 – 1996 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
   • ASME/ANSI B16.11 – 2001 – Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
   • ASME/ANSI B16.14 – 1991 – Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
   • ASME/ANSI B16.15 – 1985 (R1994) – Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
   • ASME/ANSI B16.25 – 1997 – Buttwelding Ends
   • ASME/ANSI B16.36 – 1996 – Orifice Flanges etc.
3. ASTM International: American Society for Testing and Materials
   This is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. It was originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). This is a reputed scientific and technical organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on the basis of materials, products, systems and services. This is a trusted name for standards. The standards covered by this organization covers various types of pipes, tubes and fittings, especially made of metal, for high-temperature service, ordinary use and special applications like fire protection. The ASTM standards are published in 16 sections consisting of 67 volumes.
4. AN: Here, “A” stands for Army and “N” stands for Navy
   The AN standard was originally designed for the U.S. Military. Whenever, a pipe fitting is AN fittings, it means that the fittings are measured on the outside diameter of the fittings, that is, in 1/16 inch increments. For example, an AN 4 fitting means a fitting with an external diameter of approximately 4/16″ or ¼”. It is to be noted that approximation is important because AN external diameter is not a direct fit with an equivalent NPT thread.
5. BSP: British Standard Pipe
   BSP is the U.K. standard for pipe fittings. This refers to a family of standard screw thread types for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. This has been adopted internationally. It is also known as British Standard Pipe Taper threads (BSPT )or British Standard Pipe Parallel (Straight) threads (BSPP ). While the BSPT achieves pressure tight joints by the threads alone, the BSPP requires a sealing ring.
6. DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung
   This refers to the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the DIN, Deutsches Institut für Normung which in English means the German Institute for Standardization. DIN is the German national organization for standardization and is ISO member body for that country.
   DIN standard designation
   The designation of a DIN standard shows its origin where # symbolizes a number:
   • DIN # : Used for German standards having mainly domestic significance or designed as the primary step toward international status.
   • DIN EN # : Used for the German edition of European standards.
   • DIN ISO # : Used for the German edition of ISO standards.
   • DIN EN ISO # : Used if the standard has also been adopted as a European standard.
7. Dash (-) size
   Dash size is the standard used to refer to the inside diameter of a hose. This indicates the size by a two digit number which represents the relative ID in sixteenths of an inch. This is also used interchangeably with AN fittings. For example, a Dash “8” fitting means an AN 8 fitting. A standard hose guide is given below:

Hose Size In	Nominal ID Inch Dash Size	Standard Dash Size
1/4	3/16	-04
3/8	5/16	-06
1/2	13/32	-08
3/4	5/8	-12
1	7/8	-16
1 ½	–	–
1 ¼	1 1/8	-20

Flanges: Ratings in Classes and Pressure Numbers (PN)

Flange Class	150	300	600	900	1500	2500
Flange Pressure Number, PN	20	50	100	150	250	420

ISO: International Organization for Standardization
ISO is the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the International Organization for Standardization. ISO standards are numbered. They have format as follows:
“ISO[/IEC] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title” where
nnnnn: standard number
yyyy: year published, and
Title: describes the subject

JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards
This is the Japanese industrial standards or the standards used for industrial activities in Japan for pipe, tube and fittings and published through Japanese Standards Associations.

NPT: National Pipe Thread
National Pipe Thread is a U.S. standard straight (NPS) threads or for tapered (NPT) threads. This is the most popular US standard for pipe fittings. NPT fittings are based on the internal diameter (ID) of the pipe fitting. 

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A 90 degree elbow is also called a “90 bend” or “90 ell”.

 

Materials used:

A 90 degree elbow is also called a “90 bend” or “90 ell”. It is a fitting which is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree change in the direction of flow in the pipe. It used to change the direction in piping and is also sometimes called a “quarter bend”. A 90 degree elbow attaches readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also attach to rubber with stainless steel clamps. It is available in many materials like silicone, rubber compounds, galvanized steel, etc. The main application of an elbow (90 degree) is to connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon material or NPT thread.

Materials used in 90° elbow is as follows:

• PVC
• Rubber
• Copper
• Cast iron
• Brass
• Stainless steel
• Bronze
• Galvanized steel
• Aluminum etc.

Types of 90° elbows:

90° elbows are manufactured as SR (Short Radius) elbows and LR (Long Radius) elbows:

SR (Short Radius) Elbows: These elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.0 X diameter. They are typically used in tight areas where clearance is the main issue.

LR (Long Radius) Elbows: These elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.5 X diameter. They are the most common type of elbow and used when space is available and flow is more critical.

Size and Dimension:

90° elbows are available in various sizes. To get the actual size, just take the measurements of A and B as shown in the figure.

Buyer’s guide

What should buyers look for bulk purchase of 90° elbows?

The buyers should always consider for maximum assurance of reliable performance, such as high pressure, impulse, vibration, vacuum and temperature. Some specifications to look for are:

• Light weight, convenient to transport and handle
• High strength
• Less resistance
• Corrosion resistance
• No pipe furring
• Sound insulation
• Easy to install
• Long lifespan
• Low cost
• Recyclable (optional)
• Color
• For water pipes, healthy and non-toxic, bacterial neutral, conforming to drinking water standards
• Resistant to high temperatures (110°C)
• Reliable installation
• Good heat preservation
• Excellent design which ensures suitability for both exposed and hidden installation etc.

Application of 90° elbows:

The main application area of a 90° elbow is to connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps, and deck drains. 90° elbows help to make dust hose take that quick turn at the corner. These elbows can be used on instrumentation, process and control systems and equipment employed in chemical, petroleum, fluid power, electronic and pulp and paper plants.

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The Conditions of Stainless Steel Seamless Tube Corrosion

 Stainless steel seamless tube of metal and oxygen in the atmosphere to react, in the appearance will form an oxide film. However, the oxidation of the iron oxide formed on the ordinary carbon steel pipe continuously causes the corrosion to be enlarged, and as a result, the pores are formed. This good stainless steel seamless tube is damaged, we can use paint or oxidation-resistant metal such as zinc, nickel and chromium plating to cover the appearance of carbon steel, but, as we expected, this maintenance only is a layer of maintenance film, if the maintenance layer is damaged, the steel will begin to be corrosion. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel depends on the chromium, chromium is a part of steel composition, chrome on steel combined treatment, will change the appearance of the oxide type similar to pure chromium metal surface oxide. This tightly adhered chromium-rich oxide maintains the appearance and avoids further oxidation.

Heat treatment process includes heating, insulation, cooling, etc. This is done in order to reduce the deformation of the metal forming process hardening and other deficiencies, so that the deformation of the pipe after processing to restore the performance, to improve its performance.

Now the most common heat treatment tools include electric furnace and reverberatory furnace; common control mode is automatic temperature control mode.

Different stainless steel seamless pipe fittings on the heat treatment requirements are different, and not all deformation of the tools must be heat-treated, usually the final temperature of low-carbon steel pipe fittings is not less than 723 ℃, then you can not heat treatment, if lower than this temperature or the temperature above 1000 degrees celsius should be heat treatment.

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Welding Repair Requirements for Stainless Steel Welded Pipe

 If stainless steel welded pipe in a specific working environment, the need for welding repair, the welding preparation should be carefully checked before, in order to ensure complete removal of defects. Welding of stainless steel tubes shall be carried out in accordance with the welding procedure as assessed in ASME Code Section IX. Welding operators or welding equipment operators performing welding shall comply with the qualification requirements of Volume IX. In addition to A1 or A2 component of the weld metal can be used for P1 material, the weld metal should be equivalent to plate P-No A-No component requirements. When the purchaser agrees, other weld metal that matches the material matrix of the material to be welded may also be used. The weld metal must be evaluated in accordance with ASME Code, Volume IX.

If a stainless steel pipe material is required to be subjected to a Charpy impact test, the weld qualification test shall also include welds, heat affected zones and Charpy impact tests of the base metal and shall be reported to the purchaser. If the stainless steel pipe material is to be normalized, quenched and tempered, thermoformed or post-weld heat treated, the steel plate and the welded steel plate for the welding procedure qualification test shall be heat treated as specified by the purchaser. In addition, the repair of the weld should be consistent with the requirements of the construction specifications of the buyer.

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how about the LDX 2101 Stainless Steel

 

LDX 2101 Stainless Steel

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

LDX 2101 is a duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steel with relatively low contents of alloying elements. The grade has high mechanical strength, similar to that of other duplex grades. Its good corrosion resistance is on par with that of most standard stainless steel grades. Combined, these properties can be utilised to optimise design with respect to strength, maintenance, durability and long-term cost efficiency.

LDX 2101 main characteristics:

• High strength – approximately twice as high proof strength as austenitic stainless steels ASTM 304 and 316
• Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking
• Good resistance to general corrosion and pitting
• High energy absorption
• Physical properties that offer design advantages
• Ease of fabrication and good toughness
• Very good weldability

Applications

General-purpose applications and environments:

• Building and construction
• Storage tanks
• Reinforcement bars
• Water piping

Specification

UNS: ASTM/ASTE S32101

Microstructure

The balanced chemical composition of LDX 2101 results in a microstructure containing approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite after annealing at a temperature of 1050°C (1920oF). Due to its relatively low alloying content, LDX 2101 is less prone to precipitaition of intermetallic phases than other duplex steels.

The high nitrogen content results in rapid re-formation of austenite in weld thermal cycles.

* LDX 2101 is a registered trademark owned by Outokumpu Stainless AB

Standards

• UNS S32101

Chemical composition (nominal) %

C	SI	MN	P	S	CR	NI	N	MO
0.030	1.0	5.0	0.04	0.03	21.5	1.5	0.22	0.3

Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties

LDX 2101 has high mechanical strength due to its duplex microstructure and high nitrogen content.

In Table 1 the minimum and typical values for the grade are presented. The mechanical properties at elevated temperatures are shown in Table 2.

			MINIMUM VALUES			TYPICAL VALUES
			P	H	C	P (15MM)	H (4MM)	C (1MM)
Proof strength	Rp0.2	MPa	450	480	530	480	570	600
Tensile strength	Rm	MPa	650	680	700	700	790	840
Elongation	Ab	%	30	30	–	38	38	40
Impact toughness	KV1)	J	60	60	–	100	–	–
Hardness	HB					230	230	230

Table 1
P = hot rolled plate. H = hot rolled coil. C = cold rolled coil and sheet. 1) Full size specimen
1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
a) Rp0.2 and Rp1.0 correspond to 0.2% offset and 1.0% offset yield strength, respectively.
b) Based on L0 = 5.65 √S0 where L0 is the original gauge length and S0 the original cross-section area.

Fatigue

The high tensile strength of duplex steels also implies high fatigue strength.

Table 5 shows the result of pulsating tensile fatigue tests (R=0.1) in air at room temperature. The fatigue strength has been evaluated at 2 million cycles and probability of rupture 50%. Since the test was made using round polished test bars from hot rolled plate, correction factors for surface roughness, notches, welds etc, are required in accordance with classical theory relating to fatigue failure. As shown by the table the fatigue strength of the duplex steels corresponds approximately to the proof strength of the material.

	RP0.2	RM	FATIGUE STRENGTH
	MPA	MPA	MPA
LDX 2101	478	696	500
2205	497	767	578
1.4404	500	510	360

1.4404 is equivalent to AISI 316L in these tests

Standard deviation of fatigue strength, for the entire population ~ 30 MPa

At high temperatures

If LDX 2101 is exposed for prolonged periods to temperatures exceeding 280 °C (540 °F), the microstructure changes which results in a reduction in impact strength. This effect does not necessarily affect the behaviour of the material at the operating temperature. For example, heat exchanger tubes may be used at higher temperatures without any problems. Contact wilsonpipeline for advice.

MINIMUM VALUE		TEMPERATURES
		50	100	150	200	300
Rp0.2	MPa	430	380	350	330	300
Rm	MPa	630	590	560	540	540

Table 2 – Tensile properties at elevated temperatures:

Physical properties

Physical properties

The physical properties of LDX 2101 are shown in Table 4.

		TEMPERATURE OC
		20	100	200	300
Density	x103 kg/m3	7.7
Modules of elasticity	GPa	200	194	186	180
Poissons ratio		0.3
Linear expansion at (20->)oC	x10-6/oC	–	13.5	14.0	14.5
Thermal conductivity	W/moC	15	16	17	18
Thermal capacity	J/kgoC	500	530	560	590
Electric resistivity	nΩm	750	800	850	900

Table 4

Corrosion resistance

Corrosion resistance

The corrosion resistance of LDX 2101 is generally good, and the grade is therefore suitable for use in a wide range of general-purpose applications and environments.

The corrosion resistance is in general at least as good as that of Cr-Ni grades such as AISI 304L and in some cases as good as Cr-Ni-Mo grades such as AISI 316L.

A brief description of the resistance to different types of corrosion is shown below.

General corrosion

General corrosion is characterised by a uniform attack on the steel surface in contact with a corrosive medium.

The corrosion resistance is generally considered good if the corrosion rate is less than 0.1 mm/year.

The resistance to uniform corrosion in sulphuric acid is shown in Figure 1.
LDX 2101 has a better resistance than AISI 304L and in some cases performs as well as AISI 316L.

Fig. 1. Isocorrosion curves, 0.1 mm/year, in sulphuric acid.

Pitting and crevice corrosion

The resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion increases with the content of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen in the steel.

The resistance to these types of corrosion, which are mainly caused by chloride containing environments, is good due to the grade’s high chromium and nitrogen content.

The pitting corrosion resistance has been evaluated using the Avesta Cell (ASTM G 150).

Figure 2 shows that the resistance is higher than that normally obtained with Cr-Ni grades such as AISI 304L and approaching that of Cr-Ni-Mo grades such as AISI 316L.

Fig. 2. Critical pitting temperatures (CPT) in 1M NaCl according to ASTM G 150 using the Avesta Cell.
Typical values have been given for conventional grades.

Atmospheric corrosion

A steel’s resistance to atmospheric corrosion is strongly linked to its resistance to uniform corrosion and localised corrosion such as pitting and crevice corrosion.

Since LDX 2101 shows good resistance to these types of corrosion, it may be assumed that the resistance to atmospheric corrosion is good. Accordingly LDX 2101 should be sufficiently resistant in most environments.

Stress corrosion cracking

Like all duplex stainless steels, LDX 2101 shows good resistance to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC).

Many test methods are used to rank the different steel grades with respect to their resistance to SCC. One such test method is the U-bend test according to MTI Manual no. 3, in which the specimens are exposed to 3M magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solution at 100°C for 500 hours. The U-bending was performed both longitudinal and transverse the rolling direction. The results are shown below.

Results from U-bend stress corrosion testing in MgCl2

4301 is equivalent to AISI 304 in this test.

Intergranular corrosion

Due to its duplex microstructure LDX 2101 offers verygood resistance to intergranular corrosion.

LDX 2101passes intergranular corrosion tests according toEN/ISO 3651-2 method A (Strauss) and method C(Streicher).

Such results are as expected for duplex steels, which are less susceptible to this kind of corrosion than austenitic stainless steels.

Heat treatment

Plate,sheet and coil are normally delivered in heat treated condition. If additional heat treatment is needed after further processing the following is recommended.

Solution annealing

1020 -1080°C (1865 -1975°F), rapid cooling in air or water.

Fabrication

Hot forming

Hot forming is performed in the temperature range 1100–900°C (2010-1650oF) and should be followed by solution annealing. It should, however, be observed that the strength is low at high temperatures.

Cold forming

Due to the high proof strength of duplex material, greater working forces than those required for austenitic steel are usually needed for cold forming.
Figure 3 shows the effect of work hardening on LDX 2101. LDX 2101 is suitable for most forming operations used in stainless steel fabrication. However, due to the grade’s higher mechanical strength and lower toughness, operations such as deep drawing, stretch forming and spinning are more difficult to perform than with austenitic steel. The grade’s high strength, may give rise to a relatively high spring back.

Fig. 3. Mechanical properties of LDX 2101 after cold deformation.
Heat treatment

LDX 2101 is solution annealed at 1020 – 1080°C (1865- 1975 oF). Rapid cooling is recommended after annealing.

Welding

LDX 2101 has a good weldability and can be welded using the same processes used for other duplex steels.

In general the recommendations for welding duplex steels also apply for LDX 2101, however, the restrictions in arc energy are less tight than for conventional duplex steels due to the grade’s low alloy content and high nitrogen level.

Suitable welding methods are manual metal-arc welding with covered electrodes or gas shielded arc welding. Welding should be undertaken within the heat input range 0.2-2.5 kJ/mm. Preheating or post-weld heat treatment is not normally necessary.

Filler metals that give an austenitic-ferritic weld metal should be used in order to obtain a weld metal with corrosion resistance and mechanical properties close to the parent metal. For gas-shielded arc welding, we recommend wilsonpipeline 22.8.3.L and 23.7.L and for manual metal-arc welding the covered electrode wilsonpipeline 22.9.3.LR. These filler metals can also be used for welding LDX 2101 to carbon steels, stainless steels and nickel alloys. The covered electrode wilsonpipeline 23.12.2.LR and the wire electrode wilsonpipeline 24.13.L can also be used for dissimilar metal welding. When welding components for use in high concentrated nitric acid wilsonpipeline 23.7.L is recommended.

* LDX 2101 is a trademark owned by Outokumpu OY.

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Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel (UNS S32750)

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel (UNS S32750) is a super duplex stainless steel with 25% chromium, 4% molybdenum, and 7% nickel designed for demanding applications which require exceptional strength and corrosion resistance, such as chemical process, petrochemical, and seawater equipment. The steel has excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking, high thermal conductivity, and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. The high chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen levels provide excellent resistance to pitting, crevice, and general corrosion.

Applications

• Oil and gas industry equipment
• Offshore platforms, heat exchangers, process and service water systems, fire-fighting systems, injection and ballast water systems
• Chemical process industries, heat exchangers, vessels, and piping
• Desalination plants, high pressure RO-plant and seawater piping
• Mechanical and structural components, high strength, corrosion-resistant parts
• Power industry FGD systems, utility and industrial scrubber systems, absorber towers, ducting, and piping

Standards
ASTM/ASME ………. A240 – UNS S32750
EURONORM………… 1.4410 – X2 Cr Ni MoN 25.7.4
AFNOR……………….. Z3 CN 25.06 Az

Corrosion Resistance

General Corrosion

• high chromium and molybdenum content of 2507 makes it extremely resistant to uniform corrosion by organic acids like formic and acetic acid.
• provides excellent resistance to inorganic acids, especially those containing chlorides.
•  can be used in dilute hydrochloric acid.
• Pitting need not be a risk in the zone below the borderline in this figure, but crevices must be avoided.

Intergranural Corrosion

• Low carbon content greatly lowers the risk of carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries during heat treatment.
• Is highly resistant to carbide-related intergranular corrosion.

Stress Corrosion Cracking

• Duplex structure of 2507 provides excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC).
• Superior to 2205 in corrosion resistance and strength.
• 2507 is especially useful in offshore oil and gas applications and in wells with either naturally high brine levels or where brine has been injected to enhance recovery.

Pitting Corrosion

• Different testing methods can be used to establish the pitting resistance of steels in chloride-containing solutions.

Crevice Corrosion

• Highly resistant to crevice corrosion.

Processing

Hot forming
2507 should be hot worked between 1875°F and 2250°F. This should be followed by a solution anneal at 1925°F minimum and a rapid air or water quench.

Cold Forming
Most of the common stainless steel forming methods can be used for cold working 2507. The alloy has a higher yield strength and lower ductility than the austenitic steels so fabricators may find that higher forming forces, increased radius of bending, and increased allowance for springback are necessary. Deep drawing, stretch forming, and similar processes are more difficult to perform on 2507 than on an austenitic stainless steel. When forming requires more than 10% cold deformation, a solution anneal and quench are recommended.

Heat Treatment
2507 should be solution annealed and quenched after either hot or cold forming. Solution annealing should be done at a minimum of 1925°F. Annealing should be followed immediately by a rapid air or water quench. To obtain maximum corrosion resistance, heat treated products should be pickled and rinsed.

Welding
2507 possesses good weldability and can be joined to itself or other materials by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), plasma arc welding (PAW), flux cored wire (FCW), or submerged arc welding (SAW). 2507/P100 filler metal is suggested when welding 2507 because it will produce the appropriate duplex weld structure.

Preheating of 2507 is not necessary except to prevent condensation on cold metal. The interpass weld temperature should not exceed 300°F or the weld integrity can be adversely affected. The root should be shielded with argon or 90% N₂/10% H₂ purging gas for maximum corrosion resistance. The latter provides better corrosion resistance.

Chemical Properties

Typical values (Weight %)

C	CR	NI	MO	N	OTHERS
0.020	25	7	4.0	.27	S=0.001

Mechanical Properties:

Ultimate Tensile Strength, ksi	116 min.
0.2% Offset Yield Strength 0.2%, ksi	80 min.
0.1% Offset Yield Strength 0.2%, ksi	91 min.
Elongation in 2 inches, %	15 min.
Hardness Rockwell C	32 max.
Impact Energy, ft.-lbs.	74 min.

Physical Propertries

Density	lb/in3	0.28
Modulus of Elasticity	psi x 106	29
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 68-212°F/°F	x10-6/°F	7.2
Thermal Conductivity	Btu/h ft °F	8.7
Heat Capacity	Btu/lb/°F	0.12
Electrical Resistivity	W-in x 10-6	31.5

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Duplex 2304 Stainless Steel (UNS S32304)

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Duplex 2304 is a 23% chromium, 4% nickel, molybdenum-free duplex stainless steel whose structure is a balance of ferritic and austenitic. It has general corrosion resistance similar or better than Alloys 304L and 316L but with yield strength nearly double that of austenitic stainless steels. Its duplex microstructure and low nickel and high chromium contents also allows Duplex 2304 to demonstrate improved stress corrosion resistant properties compared to 304 and 316. It is typically suitable for all applications in the -58^oF to 572^oF (-50^oC to 300^oC) temperature range and is designed to feature high mechanical strength, good weldability, good corrosion resistance, high resistance to stress corrosion cracking, good machinability, low thermal expansion, good fatigue properties, high thermal conductivity, and easy fabrication.

Specifications: UNS S32304

Applications:

Duplex 2304 is generally used in the same applications in which Alloys 304 and 316L are used. Some examples of these applications include:

• Chloride containing environments
• Welded pipe systems within the Pulp and Paper, Chemical and Petrochemical, and Water Treatment industries
• Transportations
• Heat exchanger tubes
• Architecture, building, construction
• Pressure vessels
• Caustic solutions, organic acids
• Food industry

Standards:

• ASTM/ASME: UNS S32304
• EURONORM: FeMi35Cr20Cu4Mo2
• DIN: 2.4660

Corrosion Resistance:

• Due to its high chromium content of 23%, the corrosion resistance properties of Duplex 2304 are practically equivalent to those of Alloy 316L
• Its duplex microstructure and low nickel and high chromium contents allows Duplex 2304 to have improved stress corrosion resistance properties compared to the 304L and 316L standard austenitic grades.
• More resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion resistance that Alloy 316L
• Outperforms Alloys 304L and 316L in stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride containing aqueous solutions
• Its corrosion rate in boiling nitric acid (65%) is higher than that of Alloy 316L
• Its high yield strength allows Duplex 2304 to perform well in abrasion/corrosion applications

Structure

• Microstructure of Duplex 2304 is very stable compared to molybdenum containing duplex stainless steels
• Contains approximately equal amounts of ferritic and austenitic in microstructure after annealing in a temperature about

Weldability

• Can be successfully welded by TIG manual and automatic, PLASMA, MIG, SMAW, SAW, FCAW
• Duplex microstructure renders the alloy less sensitive to hot cracking
• Pre-heating and post welding is not required
• Filler metal should be a balanced ferrite/austenitic type

 Machinability

• Exhibits improved machinability properties particularly when considering drilling
• Low speeds and high feeds will minimize this alloys tendency to work harden

Composition

	C	Cr	Fe	Mn	Si	S	P	Ni	Cu	N
Duplex 2304	0.03 max	min: 21.5 max:24.5	Bal.	2.5 max	1.0 max	0.03 max	0.04 max	min:3.0 max:3.5	min:0.05 max: 2.0	min: 0.05 max: 2.0

Mechanical Properties

Grade	Tensile Strength ksi (MPa) min	Yield Strength 0.2% offset ksi (MPa) min	Elongation (% in 50mm) min	Hardness (Brinell) MAX	Hardness (Rockwell B) MAX
Duplex 2304	87 (600)	58 (400)	25	293	31j

Physical Properties

	Duplex 2304
Density at 68°F (20°C)	0.28 lbm/in3 7800 kg/cm3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion	ax10-6°C-1
68°F to: 212°F (20 -100°C)	13
68°F to 392°F (20 -200°C)	13.5
68°F to 572°F (20 -300°C)	14
Thermal Conductivity	W.m-1.K-1
at 68°F (20°C)	17
at 212°F (100°C)	18
at 392°F (200°C)	19
at 572°F (300°C)	20
Electrical Resitivity	(µ_ cm)
at 68°F (20°C)	80
at 212°F (100°C)	92
at 392°F (200°C)	100
at 572°F (300°C)	105
Specific Heat	(Btu/lb/°F)
32°F to: 212°F (20 -100°C)	0.11

    

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DUPLEX Steel 2205：Stainless Steel – Grade 2205 Duplex (UNS S32205)

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Chemical Composition 

Fe, <0.03% C, 21-23% Cr, 4.5-6.5% Ni, 2.5-3.5% Mo, 0.8-2.0% N, <2% Mn, <1% Si, <0.03% P, <0.02% S 

Introduction

Duplex 2205 stainless steel (both ferritic and austenitic) is used extensively in applications that require good corrosion resistance and strength. The S31803 grade stainless steel has undergone a number of modifications resulting in UNS S32205, and was endorsed in the year 1996. This grade offers higher resistance to corrosion.

At temperatures above 300°C, the brittle micro-constituents of this grade undergo precipitation, and at temperatures below -50°C the micro-constituents undergo ductile-to-brittle transition; hence this grade of stainless steel is not suitable for use at these temperatures.

Key Properties

The properties that are mentioned in the below tables pertain to flat rolled products such as plates, sheets and coils of the ASTM A240 or A240M. These may not be uniform across other products such as bars and pipes.

Composition

Table 1 provides the compositional ranges for grade 2205 duplex stainless steel.

Table 1 – Composition ranges for 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade		C	Mn	Si	P	S	Cr	Mo	Ni	N
2205 (S31803)	Min Max	– 0.030	– 2.00	– 1.00	– 0.030	– 0.020	21.0 23.0	2.5 3.5	4.5 6.5	0.08 0.20
2205 (S32205)	Min Max	– 0.030	– 2.00	– 1.00	– 0.030	– 0.020	22.0 23.0	3.0 3.5	4.5 6.5	0.14 0.20

Mechanical Properties

The typical mechanical properties of grade 2205 stainless steels are listed in the table below. Grade S31803 has similar mechanical properties to that of S32205. 

Table 2 – Mechanical properties of 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade	Tensile Str (MPa) min	Yield Strength 0.2% Proof (MPa) min	Elongation (% in 50mm) min	Hardness
				Rockwell C (HR C)	Brinell (HB)
2205	621	448	25	31 max	293 max

Physical Properties

The physical properties of grade 2205 stainless steels are tabulated below. Grade S31803 has similar physical properties to that of S32205.

Table 3 – Physical properties of 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade	Density (kg/m3)	Elastic Modulus (GPa)	Mean Co-eff of Thermal Expansion (μm/m/°C)			Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K)		Specific Heat 0-100°C ( J/kg.K)	Electrical Resistivity (nΩ.m)
			0-100°C	0-315°C	0-538°C	at 100°C	at 500°C
2205	782	190	13.7	14.2	–	19	–	418	850

Grade Specification Comparison

Table 4 provides the grade comparison for 2205 stainless steels. The values are a comparison of functionally similar materials. Exact equivalents may be obtained from the original specifications.

Table 4 – Grade specification comparisons for 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade	UNS No	Old British		Euronorm		Swedish SS	Japanese JIS
		BS	En	No	Name
2205	S31803 / S32205	318S13	–	1.4462	X2CrNiMoN22-5-3	2377	SUS 329J3L

Possible Alternative Grades

Given below is a list of possible alternative grades, which may be chosen in place of 2205.

Table 5 – Grade specification comparisons for 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade	Reasons for choosing the grade
904L	Better formability is needed, with similar corrosion resistance and lower strength.
UR52N+	High resistance to corrosion is required, e.g. resistance to higher temperature seawater.
6%Mo	Higher corrosion resistance is required, but with lower strength and better formability.
316L	The high corrosion resistance and strength of 2205 are not needed. 316L is lower cost.

Corrosion Resistance

Grade 2205 stainless steel exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, much higher than that of grade 316. It resists localized corrosion types like intergranular, crevice and pitting. The CPT of this type of stainless steel is around 35°C. This grade is resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at temperatures of 150°C. Grade 2205 stainless steels are apt replacements to austenitic grades, especially in premature failure environments and marine environments.  

Heat Resistance

The high oxidation resistance property of Grade 2205 is marred by its embrittlement above 300°C. This embrittlement can be modified by a full solution annealing treatment. This grade performs well at temperatures below 300°C.

Heat Treatment

The best suited heat treatment for this grade is solution treatment (annealing), between 1020 – 1100°C, followed by rapid cooling. Grade 2205 can be work hardened but cannot be hardened by thermal methods.

Welding

Most standard welding methods suit this grade, except welding without filler metals, which results in excess ferrite. AS 1554.6 pre-qualifies welding for 2205 with 2209 rods or electrodes so that the deposited metal has the right balanced duplex structure.

Adding nitrogen to the shielding gas ensures that adequate austenite is added to the structure. The heat input must be maintained at a low level, and the use of pre or post heat must be avoided. The co-efficient of thermal expansion for this grade is low; hence the distortion and stresses are lesser than that in austenite grades.

Machining

The machinability of this grade is low due to its high strength. The cutting speeds are almost 20% lower than that of grade 304.

Fabrication

The fabrication of this grade is also affected by its strength. Bending and forming of this grade requires equipment with larger capacity. Ductility of grade 2205 is lesser than austenitic grades; therefore, cold heading is not possible on this grade. In order to carry out cold heading operations on this grade, intermediate annealing should be carried out.

Applications

Some of the typical applications of duplex steel grade 2205 are listed below:

• Oil and gas exploration
• Processing equipment
• Transport, storage and chemical processing
• High chloride and marine environments
• Paper machines, liquor tanks, pulp and paper digesters

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the material for Duplex and Super Duplex

 

Duplex and Super Duplex

• 2022-01-05
 
• Posted by Wilson

Duplex

 

Duplex is a material that has approximately equal amounts of austenite and ferrite. These combine excellent corrosion resistance with high strength. Mechanical properties are approximately double those of singular austenitic steel and resistance to stress corrosion cracking is superior to type 316 stainless steel in chloride solutions. Duplex material has ductile or brittle transition at approximately -50 degrees. High Temperature use is usually restricted to a maximum temperature of 300 degrees for indefinite use due to embrittlement.

 

Duplex stainless steels have a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite, the aim being to produce a 50/50 mix, although in commercial alloys, the mix may be 40/60 respectively. Duplex steels have improved strength over austenitic stainless steels and also improved resistance to localised corrosion, particularly pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. They are characterised by high chromium (19–28%) and molybdenum (up to 5%) and lower nickel contents than austenitic stainless steels. The most used Duplex Stainless Steel are the 2205 (22% Chromium, 5% Nickel) and 2507 (25% Chromium, 7% Nickel); the 2507 is also known as “Super Duplex” due to its higher corrosion resistance.

 

Super Duplex

 

Super duplex pipe is known to have better stress corrosion, cracking resistance and mechanical properties. The high corrosion resistance of super duplex pipeline supplies makes them ideal for onshore and offshore environments in oil and gas applications. Please see our industry pages for more information regarding the implications of Super Duplex piping. Super Duplex is an Austenitic Ferritic Iron Chromium – Nickel Alloys with Molybdenum addition. It has good resistance to pitting and a very high tensile strength and high resistance too stress corrosion cracking at moderate temperatures compared to that of conventional austenitic stainless steels.

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What Are the Different Types of Metal Flanges?

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Commonly found in plumbing applications, metal flanges provide a quick and easy method for joining lengths of pipe to one another. A flange consists of an external ring around one end of a structure, pipe, or tube that contains matching boltholes for easy assembly. In contrast, pipes that require joining but lack any flanges normally involve either welding or soldering as the joining method. There are several different types of metal flanges available to cover a wide variety of applications. These include the copper flanges, iron flanges, Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, and stainless steel flanges; these are implemented as structural flanges, plumbing flanges, and even microwave flanges.

The types of metal flanges one may encounter often depends on their applications or uses. For example, water pipes generally use a copper or stainless steel flange, since a ductile ironflange can fail over time due to the natural result of rust forming when water reacts with iron. In other words, the product passing through any given flanged system dictates the appropriate materials used in the construction of the flanges, as well as in the tubing or piping itself.

Since such a wide variety of applications exists, one would expect a challenge in matching up specific sizes of metal flanges. A system of uniformity, however, helps make this task rather simple. In the U.S., a classification system from the American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) helps to discern between these choices by providing a set of standards to follow when certain projects require it. For example, when a plumber or other mechanical contractor needs to repair or replace sections of an established plumbing system, any metal flanges he or she encounters are already classified into certain sizes. This makes replacement as easy as ordering the appropriate ASME flanges.

ASME is only an American piping standard, however, while other countries typically have their own classification systems. For example, the PN/DIN classification is used in many parts of Europe; the JIS/KS classification in Japan or Korea; and the BS10 in Britain or Australia. While anASME flange will mate to another ASME flange, it is unlikely that it would match one from another country’s classification system.

The types of metal flange designs may also change with each application. For example, high-pressure connections may incorporate a “tongue-and-groove” interface. An application of this sort consists of two mating metal flanges protruding slightly into another flange, which greatly reduces the chances of pressure seeping out of the connection. This can be crucial if the product leaking out happens to be something dangerous, like a flammable gas.

    

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ASME-Standards: ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part A – Ferrous Material Specification

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

ASME-Standards

ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part A – Ferrous Material Specification

ASME
SA 213 / SA 213M	Seamless ferritic and austenitic alloy steel boiler, superheater and heat exchanger tubes
SA 268 / SA 268M	Seamless and welded ferritic and martensitic stainless steel tubing for general service
SA 269 / SA 269M	Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service
SA 312 / SA 312M	Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipes
SA 376 / SA 376M	Seamless austenitic steel pipe for high-temperature central-station service
SA 511	Seamless stainless steel mechanical tubing
SA 789 / SA 789M	Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service
SA 790 / SA 790M	Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel pipe

    

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